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Photocell Circuit 220 Volt We want an automatic control system that can make circuit work at a 220 voltagr

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[] [|http://home.cogeco.ca/~rpaisley4/PhotoDetectors.html] []

http://www.sparkbangbuzz.com/els/photocell-el.htm http://www.ingenuity-design.com.au/

**Software Design** Embedded Linux Development http://www.buglabs.net/ www.shoppureenergy.com/
 * PC Application Programming
 * VHDL Development

\

=How do simple electrical circuits work?=

The most basic electrical circuit consists of a power supply (source) and a 'load'. Here are some basic examples; AC & DC respectively:


 * Household AC + Lightbulb

A typical electrical circuit could be a 'source', 'load', & switch:
 * Car Battery + Starter
 * Car Battery + Horn

Another typical circuit could be; Source, Load, Switch, Feedback device:
 * Household AC (wall socket), + lamp + lightswitch
 * Car Battery + Starter + ignition switch (key turning)
 * Car Battery + Horn + Sensor Switch on Steering wheel (to blow the horn)


 * Household AC + Clothes Dryer + Start Button + "On" light
 * Car Alternator + Radio + Radio 'On' Switch + Radio 'On' LED

Read more: [|http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_simple_electrical_circuits_work#ixzz1cc4qqdnG]

=How do on off switches work?=

Well............

the switch is attached to a metal clasp. So when the switch is switched, the two metal paths join and creates an electricity circuit!

Read more: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #003399; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_on_off_switches_work#ixzz1cc5EOO00]

http://www.hyperstaffs.info/work/physics/child/index.html http://www.wireityourself.com/

the website of the curtain but is in chinese, for the environment control system [] []

about electrical circuits that kind of things []

Homemade Photocell and Setup for Experimentation.




===An audio amplifier can be connected in parallel with the meter. This allows photocell action to be evaluated either by watching the meter or by listening to the amp. Light that is fluctuating at an audio rate and striking the photocell will be heard in the amp.===

This is a copper oxide photocell and is very simple to make using materials found around the house, yet it seems to serve the purpose as well as similar but more complex homemade photocells that I have read about elsewhere. Although this photocell does not produce enough power to charge batteries or run circuits etc, it can be used for things such as a light sensor or as a pickup to hear a sound modulated light beam. Just imagine the thrill of hearing a sound modulated light beam through a homemade photocell. To make this photocell, you simply heat a small area on piece of thin copper sheet, red hot in a propane flame, for a minute or so and let it cool. A photocell can now be formed by putting a drop of strong salt solution on the oxidized copper plate and bringing a piece of clean copper wire in contact with the drop. That is all there is to it. The copper wire can be held in place by attaching it to a small block of wood that sits near the copper plate. The plate is one terminal of the cell and the clean copper wire is the other. All pieces of copper that I tried, such as .006 copper sheet from the craft store or a piece of copper tube, worked well. When this photocell is connected across a volt meter, a small voltage (a few millivolts) will be measured. The copper contact wire on the salt water drop becomes the negative terminal. This voltage can increase 5 to 20 millivolts by just shining a small flashlight on to the drop of salt water. By connecting this homemade photocell to an audio amplifier, audio and even music can be heard from a sound modulated light source. I prefer the use of analog volt meters over digital ones for this kind of experimentation. The analog meter can give you a much faster feedback and better overall interpretation of what is happening. A digital meter can still serve the purpose well but getting a good feel for what is happening can be difficult when all you see is a bunch of changing numbers. I have found that it is not necessary to remove the top layer of black oxide as is suggested in other articles. Sometimes these homemade photocells actually work best on the black oxide areas. One big advantage of this drop of salt water method, is that the whole copper plate does not have to be rigorously prepared. One small spot of good oxide on the copper plate is all that is necessary to make a good photocell. Most pieces however, have a large percentage of usable area. Numerous drops of salt water can be placed in various locations on the surface of the oxidized copper plate. The best spots can then be found by touching the copper wire to the different drops of salt water. All pieces of copper that I have heat treated work as a photocell but some are better than others. The challenging aspect is not in making the photocell work, but merely in getting optimum performance from it. One photocell that I made could give a whopping 50 mv increase when the light from a small flashlight was directed on to it. I usually work under some fluorescent lights which vary in intensity 120 times a second (upper and lower halves of the 60 Hz power waveform). I can also connect the plate and copper wire to an audio amplifier and listen for 120 cycle hum in the amplifier as I touch the copper wire to the different drops of salt water. The best places are easily recognized by the loudest hum. The photocell action can then be verified by blocking the light and hearing the 120 cycle hum diminish or go away completely. The little amplifiers from Radio Shack that fit in the palm of your hand, work well with these homemade photocells.

Finding the best spots for photocell action.


===While working under fluorescent lights or with a sound modulated LED near by, several drops of salt water can be placed on the oxidized copper sheet. By connecting the photocell to an audio amplifier, the best spots on the copper sheet can be found simply by touching the contact wire to the different drops of salt water. The copper sheet shown could be easily cut into several good photocells after the good spots are found.===

Transmitting Sound On A Light Beam and Hearing It With The Homemade Photocell.






===Top picture is a photocell being used as a pickup for sound modulated light from an LED. Distance can be greatly increased with lenses or by using a sound modulated laser pointer. The middle picture is a diagram of how to produce a sound modulated light using a LED (the very bright 2000 to 5000 mcd output ones work best). The headphone output from a small radio is a good source of audio to transmit on the light beam. The lower picture shows a photocell connected to the amp for hearing sound modulated light.===

Other Light Sensitive Materials.
Since it is so simple to place a drop of salt water on any material, it is easy to explore different materials for photocell action. So far, I have found Iron Pyrites and Galena to exhibit a lesser but noticeable amount of light sensitivity. I also used a steel contact wire to contact the salt water drop on the Pyrites and Galena to make sure that the signal I was hearing, was not just the result of light sensitivity of the copper contact wire itself.

Silicon is Really Hot Stuff.
I made some really hot photocells that put out a much louder signal from the sound modulated light, using scrap pieces of silicon. These pieces are some sort of scrap from the semiconductor industry and are available at almost any rock shop or rock show. The only drawback with the silicon is that it is not as fun as using a more common household material such as copper to make a photocell. A metal clamp was placed around the piece of silicon to make contact with it. A drop of salt water was placed on the silicon and a piece of wire was then brought into contact with the drop just as described above.

Photocell Made From A Piece Of Silicon.


The rough looking pieces of silicon worked best. The smooth polished like silicon pieces didn't work as well unless they were broken in two. After breaking a piece in two, the newly exposed faces would usually make a very good photocell. Almost all of the silicon pieces that I had around worked very well. The silicon photocell was very peculiar in that I was not able to observe any dc voltage or current from it even though it produced a very much stronger audio signal from the sound modulated light. It acted similar to a normal photocell, that produces dc, but in series with a capacitor. When a flashlight beam is first directed on to the silicon photocell, a positive voltage will rise and then settle to zero while the beam is held in place. When the flashlight beam is later removed, the voltage (that now has settled back to zero) from the silicon cell will drop to a negative value and settle back up to zero.

Selenium Rectifier is also hot for photocells.
Using the same drop of salt water method, a plate taken from an old selenium rectifier also worked very well as a photocell pickup for sound modulated light. Unlike the silicon cell, casual observation showed that the selenium photocell, like the copper oxide cell, could produce a steady dc voltage from a steady light source.

look at this website, is the same information http://www.sparkbangbuzz.com/els/photocell-el.htm A simple electrical circuit. This circuit has a power source, a complete path for [|electrons] to flow, and a [|resistor] as the load

An **electrical network** is an interconnection of [|electrical elements] such as [|resistors], [|inductors], [|capacitors], [|transmission lines], [|voltage sources], [|current sources] and [|switches]. An **electrical circuit** is a special type of network, one that has a closed loop giving a return path for the current. Electrical networks that consist only of sources (voltage or current), linear lumped elements (resistors, capacitors, inductors), and linear distributed elements (transmission lines) can be analyzed by algebraic and transform methods to determine [|DC response], [|AC response], and [|transient response]. A network that contains [|active] [|electronic] components is known as an **[|electronic circuit]**. Such networks are generally nonlinear and require more complex design and analysis tools

http://baike.baidu.com/view/134362.htm .

about electric circuits <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">[] <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">[]

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">[] ←This is Korean website

[] chinese material website but it doesn't have many

[] - TYpes of photocells

[]

=<span style="color: #bb2322; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: large;">SWITCHES = <span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Industrial Ethernet Switches and Media


 * [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42669.jpg width="125" height="134" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-RMS10T_Stratix8300_10port_front_color" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42669.jpg"]] || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783_Stratix6000_4C.jpg width="66" height="130" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783_Stratix6000_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783_Stratix6000_4C.jpg"]] || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C.jpg width="123" height="132" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C.jpg"]] ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">For real-time control and information flow throughout the manufacturing and IT enterprise, Rockwell Automation offers a full portfolio of industrial Ethernet switches and [|media] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">, featuring a line of managed switches integrated with Cisco technology. The portfolio contains many popular features that are in use today by IT and Controls organizations that deploy standard, unmodified Ethernet with settings optimized for use in EtherNet/IP applications.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix switch products include Stratix 8000/8300™ Modular Managed Switches, Stratix 6000™ Fixed Managed Switches, and Stratix 2000™ Unmanaged Switches. Embedded switch technology is available in various Rockwell Automation products to enable ring and linear topologies.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the following for more information:


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EtherNet/IP Embedded Switch Technology Application Guide, publication [|ENET-AP005]
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EtherNet/IP Performance and Application Guide, publication [|ENET-AP001]
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EtherNet/IP Media Planning and Installation Manual, available from [|www.odva.org]
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Additional resources, such as design guides, white papers, and presentations, are available at [|Converged Plantwide EtherNet Architectures]

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Select the switch depending on the application and environment.

• Integrates enterprise and manufacturing environments • Manages multicast traffic • Requires diagnostics data • Requires security options || [|Stratix 8300 Modular Managed Switches] || • Manages multicast traffic • Requires diagnostics data • Requires security options || [|Stratix 8000 Switches] || • Manages multicast traffic • Requires diagnostics data • Requires security options || [|Stratix 6000 Switches] || • Is a small, isolated network || [|Stratix 2000 Switches] || • Requires high performance resilient networks • Requires diagnostic data || [|Embedded Switch Technology] ||
 * If your application || Select ||
 * • Requires Layer 3 routing
 * • Integrates enterprise and manufacturing environments
 * • Integrates plant floor devices
 * • Requires easy set-up and direct replacement of switches
 * • Requires multiple Ethernet topologies

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Environmentals and Certifications

<span class="heading4italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',arial,helvetica,geneva,'san serif'; font-size: 15px;">Environmental Specifications

(-40…140 °F) || 0…60 °C (32…140 °F) || 0…60 °C (32…140 °F) || Copper tap: T -25…70 °C (‑13…158 °F) Fiber tap: T -25…60 °C (‑13…140 °F) || 147 x 152 x 112 mm Expansion modules:‡ 147 x 97 x 112 mm || 114 x 51 x 89 mm || 4- and 5-port switch: ¬ 108 x 22.5 x 127 mm 7- and 8-port switch: ¬ 108 x 45 x 127 mm || 132 x 56.7 x 35.6 mm || ‡ Cat. nos.: Base switch, 1783‑MS06T, 1783‑MS10T, 1783-RMS06T, 1783-RMS10T. Expansion modules, 1783‑MX08T, 1783‑MX08F. ¬ Cat. nos.: 4- and 5-port switch, 1783‑US03T01F, 1783‑US05T. 7- and 8-port switch, 1783‑US06T01F, 1783‑US08T. ||
 * || Stratix 8000/8300 Switches || Stratix 6000 Switches || Stratix 2000 Switches || EtherNet/IP Taps with Embedded Switch Technology ||
 * Operating Temperature || -40…60 °C
 * Enclosure Type Rating || IP20 || IP20 || IP20 || None (open-style) ||
 * Relative Humidity || 5…95% noncondensing || 5…95% noncondensing || 5…95% noncondensing || 5…95% noncondensing ||
 * Vibration || 2 g at 10…500 Hz || 2 g at 10…500 Hz || 2 g at 10…500 Hz || 5 g at 10…500 Hz ||
 * Operating Shock || 20 g || 15 g || 15 g || 30 g ||
 * Nonoperating Shock || 30 g || 30 g || 30 g || 50 g ||
 * Dimensions (HxWxD), approx. || Base switch:‡
 * T Cat. nos.: Copper tap, 1783-ETAP. Fiber tap, 1783-ETAP1F, 1783-ETAP2F.

<span class="heading4italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',arial,helvetica,geneva,'san serif'; font-size: 15px;">Certifications

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix 8000/8300: c-UL-us, CE, C-Tick, Ex, EtherNet/IP, Marine, IEC 61850, IEEE1613. <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix 6000: c-UL-us, CE, C-Tick, Ex, c-ETL-us, EtherNet/IP. <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix 2000: c-UL-us, CE, C-Tick, Ex. <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EtherNet/IP Taps: c-UL-us, CE, C-Tick, Ex, EtherNet/IP.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">When product is marked, see the Product Certification link at [|www.ab.com] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> for Declarations of Conformity, Certificates, and other certification details.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Stratix 8300 Modular Managed Switches


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42669.jpg width="156" height="167" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-RMS10T_Stratix8300_10port_front_color" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42669.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Allen-Bradley Stratix 8300 Layer 3 managed switch extends the Allen-Bradley Stratix 8000 industrial switch family to provide Layer 3 routing capability. As a full-featured Layer 3 switch, the new Stratix 8300 offers static, dynamic, multicast, redundant, IPv6 and policy-based routing and VFR-Lite virtualization. This allows for maximum flexibility in providing secure segmented architectures for industrial Ethernet applications.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Optimized with features for both IT and manufacturing environments, the Stratix 8000 and 8300™ Modular Managed Ethernet Switches are the first of their kind. The result of a joint collaboration between Cisco and Rockwell Automation, this industrial Ethernet switch line uses the current Cisco Catalyst operating system, feature set, and user interface, making IT professionals feel at home. At the same time, it provides easy set-up and comprehensive diagnostic information from within the Rockwell Automation Integrated Architecture.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Users have the benefits of the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) interface for predefined Logix tags and configuration screens in RSLogix 5000 programming software, as well as diagnostic faceplates for Rockwell Software FactoryTalk View HMI software, which is the preferred way for controls and automation professionals to integrate networked devices. Modular and industrially rated, the product line scales from 6 to 26 ports with options for copper and fiber to meet a variety of applications.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best of Cisco:
 * Secure integration with enterprise network
 * Cisco internet operating system (IOS)
 * Cisco Catalyst switch architecture/feature set
 * Common configuration tools; command line interface (CLI), CNA, and Device Manager


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best of Rockwell Automation:
 * CIP interface to Integrated Architecture
 * RSLogix 5000 programming software for configuration (AOP)
 * Predefined Logix tags for diagnostics
 * FactoryTalk View HMI software faceplates for status monitoring and alarming


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best for the manufacturing environment:
 * Removable CompactFlash memory card stores configuration for easy device replacement
 * Industrial environmental ratings
 * Default configurations for industrial automation and EtherNet/IP devices (Globals and Smartports)

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection


 * Base Switches ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-RMS06T || 6 copper ports (includes 2 dual-purpose ports with SFP slots), Layer 3 switch || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/42709.jpg width="80" height="88" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-RMS06T_Stratix8300_6port_front_color" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/42709.jpg"]] ||
 * 1783-RMS10T || 10 copper ports (includes 2 dual-purpose ports with SFP slots), Layer 3 switch || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/42669.jpg width="80" height="86" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-RMS10T_Stratix8300_10port_front_color" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/42669.jpg"]] ||


 * Expansion Modules ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description || Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-MX08T || 8 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38907.jpg width="53" height="86" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MX08T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38907.jpg"]] || 1783-MX08F || 8 fiber ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38906.jpg width="52" height="85" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MX08F_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38906.jpg"]] ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

2 10/100/1000 ports || 8 10/100 ports 2 10/100/1000 ports || 8 10/100 ports || — || Spare replacement CompactFlash cards: 1783-RMCF (for 1783-RMS06T, 1783-RMS10T) || Yes || Yes || Yes || 4 dB with 50 / 125 m m multimode cable || T Two dual-purpose ports can be used for SFP or 10/100/1000 copper. ||
 * |||| Base Switches |||| Expansion Modules ||
 * || 1783-RMS06T || 1783-RMS10T || 1783-MX08T || 1783-MX08F ||
 * Ports per Module || 6 || 10 || 8 || 8 ||
 * Total Ports, Max |||||||| Up to 26 ¬ ||
 * Copper Ports || 4 10/100 ports
 * SFP Slots T |||| 2 (when SFP is used, corresponding 10/100/1000 copper is disabled) |||| — ||
 * Fiber Ports |||| 2 SFP slots support 100 Mbps and 1 G multi-mode and single-mode SFPs with LC connector || — || 8 100 Base-FX ports with LC connector ||
 * CompactFlash Memory || Yes (installed)
 * Power Requirements |||||||| 24/48V DC ||
 * Inrush Current, Max. |||||||| 2.0 A ||
 * Power Dissipation || 15.1 W || 15.7 W || 2.8 W || 10.1 W ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate || — || — || — || 100 Mbps ||
 * Fiber Optic Link Budget || — || — || — || 8 dB with 62.5 / 125 m m multimode cable
 * Fiber Optic Cable Length, Max || — || — || — || Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type || — || — || — || LC ||
 * ¬ Maximum port counts require expansion module.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Key Software Features


 * Feature || Benefit ||
 * Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) || Provides robust features compatible with the Cisco IT enterprise environment. ||
 * RSLogix 5000 AOP (Add On Profile) || Enables easy switch setup and diagnostics with Logix controllers and the Integrated Architecture. ||
 * VLAN (Virtual LAN) with trunking || Helps ease network management in the production network. ||
 * QoS (Quality of Service) || Enables prioritization of applications, users, or data flows to help provide a higher level of network predictability. ||
 * Bandwidth Threshold Alarming || Supports alarms to track network changes and detect malfunctioning devices. ||
 * STP/RSTP (Spanning Tree Protocol/Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) || Provides a resilient path between switches for applications that require a fault-tolerant network. ||
 * REP (Resilient Ethernet Protocol) || Supports ring, ring segment, or nested ring segments, providing network resiliency across switches with a rapid recovery time. ||
 * MAC ID Port Security || Enables tracking network changes from the controller through new MAC ID notifications. ||
 * DHCP per port || Supports assigning a specific IP address to each port, enabling device replacement without manually configuring IP addresses. ||
 * SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) || Provides familiar IT tools to monitor and configure network-attached devices. ||
 * CIP Sync (IEEE 1588) || Supports very high precision clock synchronization across automation devices for time-critical tasks such as accurate alarming for post-event diagnostics and precision motion. ||
 * IEEE 802.1x Security || Tracks access to network resources and helps secure the network infrastructure. ||
 * IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping and Querier || Reduces multicast traffic from intensive IP applications, such as I/O control on EtherNet/IP. ||
 * EtherChannels || Provides port trunking technology to automatically redistribute network traffic in the case of a failed link. ||
 * Smart ports || Recommended port configurations commonly used in automation network applications. Smart ports optimize a port configuration to the type of device connected. They are easily assigned and help prevent port misconfiguration. ||
 * Layer 3 Routing || Enables routing between VLANs and subnets. Supports Statix, dynamic, multicast, redundant, IPUG, and Policy -based routing and VFR-Lite vertualization. ||
 * Port Mirroring || Copies network traffic seen on one switch port to another. Typically used as a diagnostic tool. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Stratix 8000 Modular Managed Switches


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38904.jpg width="156" height="169" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MS06T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38904.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Optimized with features for both IT and manufacturing environments, the Stratix 8000™ Modular Managed Ethernet Switches are the first of their kind. The result of a joint collaboration between Cisco and Rockwell Automation, this industrial Ethernet switch line uses the current Cisco Catalyst operating system, feature set and user interface, making IT professionals feel at home. At the same time, it provides easy set-up and comprehensive diagnostic information from within the Rockwell Automation Integrated Architecture.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Users have the benefits of CIP interface for predefined Logix tags and configuration screens in RSLogix 5000 programming software, as well as diagnostic faceplates for Rockwell Software FactoryTalk View HMI software, which is the preferred way for controls and automation professionals to integrate networked devices. Modular and industrially rated, the product line scales from 6 to 26 ports with options for copper and fiber to meet a variety of applications.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best of Cisco:
 * Secure integration with enterprise network
 * Cisco internet operating system (IOS)
 * Cisco Catalyst switch architecture/feature set
 * Common configuration tools, command line interface (CLI), CNA, and Device Manager


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best of Rockwell Automation:
 * CIP interface to Integrated Architecture
 * RSLogix 5000 programming software for configuration (AOP)
 * Predefined Logix tags for diagnostics
 * FactoryTalk View HMI software faceplates for status monitoring and alarming


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best for the manufacturing environment:
 * Removable CompactFlash memory card stores configuration for easy device replacement
 * Industrial environmental ratings
 * Default configurations for industrial automation and EtherNet/IP devices (Globals and Smartports)

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection


 * Base Switches ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-MS06T || 6 copper ports (includes 2 dual-purpose ports with SFP slots), Layer 2 switch || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38904.jpg width="81" height="88" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MS06T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38904.jpg"]] ||
 * 1783-MS10T || 10 copper ports (includes 2 dual-purpose ports with SFP slots), Layer 2 swich || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38905.jpg width="79" height="84" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MS10T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38905.jpg"]] ||


 * Expansion Modules ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description || Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-MX08T || 8 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38907.jpg width="53" height="86" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MX08T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38907.jpg"]] || 1783-MX08F || 8 fiber ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38906.jpg width="52" height="85" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MX08F_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38906.jpg"]] ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

2 10/100/1000 ports || 8 10/100 ports 2 10/100/1000 ports || 8 10/100 ports || — || Spare replacement CompactFlash cards: 1783-MCF (for 1783-MS06T, 1783-MS10T) || 4 dB with 50 / 125 m m multimode cable || T Two dual-purpose ports can be used for SFP or 10/100/1000 copper. ||
 * |||| Base Switches |||| Expansion Modules ||
 * || 1783-MS06T || 1783-MS10T || 1783-MX08T || 1783-MX08F ||
 * Ports per Module || 6 || 10 || 8 || 8 ||
 * Total Ports, Max |||||||| Up to 26 ¬ ||
 * Copper Ports || 4 10/100 ports
 * SFP Slots T |||| 2 (when SFP is used, corresponding 10/100/1000 copper is disabled) |||| — ||
 * Fiber Ports |||| SFP slots support 100 Mbps and 1 G multi-mode and single-mode fiber with LC connector || — || 8 100 Base-FX ports with LC connector ||
 * CompactFlash Memory |||||||| Yes (installed)
 * Power Requirements |||||||| 24/48V DC ||
 * Inrush Current, Max. |||||||| 2.0 A ||
 * Power Dissipation || 15.1 W || 15.7 W || 2.8 W || 10.1 W ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate |||| — || — || 100 Mbps ||
 * Fiber Optic Link Budget |||| — || — || 8 dB with 62.5 / 125 m m multimode cable
 * Fiber Optic Cable Length, Max |||| — || — || Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type |||| — || — || LC ||
 * ¬ Maximum port counts require expansion module.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Key Software Features


 * Feature || Benefit ||
 * Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) || Provides robust features compatible with the Cisco IT enterprise environment. ||
 * RSLogix 5000 AOP (Add On Profile) || Enables easy switch setup and diagnostics with Logix controllers and the Integrated Architecture. ||
 * VLAN (Virtual LAN) with trunking || Helps ease network management in the production network. ||
 * QoS (Quality of Service) || Enables prioritization of applications, users, or data flows to help provide a higher level of network predictability. ||
 * Bandwidth Threshold Alarming || Supports alarms to track network changes and detect malfunctioning devices. ||
 * STP/RSTP (Spanning Tree Protocol/Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) || Provides a resilient path between switches for applications that require a fault-tolerant network. ||
 * REP (Resilient Ethernet Protocol) || Supports ring, ring segment, or nested ring segments, providing network resiliency across switches with a rapid recovery time. ||
 * MAC ID Port Security || Enables tracking network changes from the controller through new MAC ID notifications. ||
 * DHCP per port || Supports assigning a specific IP address to each port, enabling device replacement without manually configuring IP addresses. ||
 * SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) || Provides familiar IT tools to monitor and configure network-attached devices. ||
 * CIP Sync (IEEE 1588) || Supports very high precision clock synchronization across automation devices for time-critical tasks such as accurate alarming for post-event diagnostics and precision motion. ||
 * IEEE 802.1x Security || Tracks access to network resources and helps secure the network infrastructure. ||
 * IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping and Querier || Reduces multicast traffic from intensive IP applications, such as I/O control on EtherNet/IP. ||
 * EtherChannels || Provides port trunking technology to automatically redistribute network traffic in the case of a failed link. ||
 * Smart ports || Recommended port configurations commonly used in automation network applications. Smart ports optimize a port configuration to the type of device connected. They are easily assigned and help prevent port misconfiguration. ||
 * Port Mirroring || Copies network traffic seen on one switch port to another. Typically used as a diagnostic tool. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Stratix 6000 Fixed Managed Switches


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783_Stratix6000_4C.jpg width="80" height="158" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783_Stratix6000_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783_Stratix6000_4C.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">With simple setup and default configurations for EtherNet/IP, the Stratix 6000 line of fixed managed switches is designed to help ease deployment of the Ethernet network on the plant floor. Ideal for the controls environment, Stratix 6000 switches offer CIP tags and configuration screens in RSLogix 5000 programming software. Diagnostic faceplates for FactoryTalk View HMI software, which is the preferred way for controls and automation professionals to integrate networked devices, are also available. Switch options include a four-port copper or eight-port copper with an option for fiber uplink to higher level networks.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Integration into the Integrated Architecture with CIP
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Web-based configuration utility
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">CIP Interface to Integrated Architectures
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">RSLogix 5000 programming software for configuration (AOP)
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Predefined Logix tags for diagnostics
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">FactoryTalk View HMI faceplates for status montioring and alarming

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection

1 fiber SFP slot || ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-EMS04T || 4 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38908.jpg width="49" height="106" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-EMS04T_Stratix6000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38908.jpg"]] ||
 * 1783-EMS08T || 8 copper ports

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

Class 2/SELV 100 mA at 24V DC || 12…48V DC Class 2/SELV 250 mA at 24V DC ||
 * || 1783-EMS04T || 1783-EMS08T ||
 * Ports per Module || 4 || (9) 8 +1 SFP slot ||
 * Copper Ports || 4 10/100 full/half duplex || 8 10/100 full/half duplex ||
 * Fiber Ports || — || supports 1 G fiber SFP ||
 * SFP Slots || — || 1 ||
 * CompactFlash Memory |||| No ||
 * Power Requirements || 12…48V DC
 * Inrush Current, Max. |||| 2.2 A ||
 * Power Dissipation || 2.6 W @ 60 °C (140 °F) max || 5.8 W @ 60 °C (140 °F) max ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate || — || 1000 Mbps ¬ ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type || — || LC ¬ ||
 * ¬ Available with optional SFP module. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Key Software Features


 * Feature || Benefit ||
 * RSLogix 5000 AOP (Add On Profile) || Enables easy switch setup and diagnostics with Logix controllers and the Integrated Architecture. ||
 * VLAN (Virtual LAN) with trunking || Helps ease network management in the production network. ||
 * QoS (Quality of Service) || Enables prioritization of applications, users, or data flows to help provide a higher level of network predictability. ||
 * Bandwidth Threshold Alarming || Supports alarms to track network changes and detect malfunctioning devices. ||
 * MAC ID Port Security || Enables tracking network changes from the controller through new MAC ID notifications. ||
 * DHCP per port || Supports assigning a specific IP address to each port, enabling device replacement without manually configuring IP addresses. ||
 * IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping and Querier || Reduces multicast traffic from intensive IP applications, such as I/O control on EtherNet/IP. ||
 * Port Mirroring || Copies network traffic seen on one switch port to another. Typically used as a diagnostic tool. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Stratix 2000 Unmanaged Switches


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C.jpg width="162" height="174" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix 2000™ industrial-grade unmanaged switches require no configuration, which helps you set up and install your switch quickly. The Stratix 2000 line has flexible power requirements and can be used with AC or DC power. The switches connect easily with Logix controllers and have features to autonegotiate for speed and duplex per port. Stratix 2000 switches are ideal for small, isolated networks.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Easy to start up and use
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Multiple port count and fiber options available
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">AC or DC power
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Autonegotiates speed & duplex setting
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Automatic cable cross over detection

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection

1 fiber port || || 1 fiber port || ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-US03T01F || 3 copper ports
 * 1783-US05T || 5 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38901.jpg width="27" height="110" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-US05T_Stratix2000_5port_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38901.jpg"]] ||
 * 1783-US06T01F || 6 copper ports
 * 1783-US08T || 8 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38903.jpg width="55" height="125" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-US08T_Stratix2000_8port_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38903.jpg"]] ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

4 dB with 50 / 125 m m multimode cable || — || 8 dB with 62.5 / 125 m m multimode cable 4 dB with 50 / 125 m m multimode cable || — ||
 * || 1783-US03T01F || 1783-US05T || 1783-US06T01F || 1783-US08T ||
 * Ports per Module || 4 || 5 || 7 || 8 ||
 * Copper Ports || 3 || 5 || 6 || 8 ||
 * Fiber Ports || 1 || — || 1 || — ||
 * Power Requirements |||||||| 24V DC (10…35V DC) ||
 * Current Consumption, Max. |||||||| 400 mA @ 10V DC ||
 * Power Consumption, Max. |||||||| 4 W (6 VA) ||
 * Inrush Current, Max. |||||||| 2.2 A ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate || 100 Mbps || — || 100 Mbps || — ||
 * Fiber Optic Link Budget || 8 dB with 62.5 / 125 m m multimode cable
 * Fiber Optic Cable Length, Max || Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m || — || Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m || — ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type |||||||| LC ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Embedded Switch Technology


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-ETAP-1.jpg width="53" height="172" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-ETAP-1" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-ETAP-1.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Embedded Switch Technology embeds popular switch features directly into your hardware to support high performance applications, without the need for additional configuration. This technology enables linear and device-level ring topologies for EtherNet/IP applications.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Optimized for EtherNet/IP I/O and motion applications
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Supports IEEE 1588 precision time protocol (PTP) for precise time synchronization and Quality of Service (QoS) to help prioritize data transmission
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Typical recovery rate for a 50-node device-level ring is less than 3 ms
 * Fast recovery rate makes failures appear transparent to most devices on the network
 * Machines often continue operations without any system interruptions


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Open standard technology available to 3rd party vendors allows EtherNet/IP interoperability


 * [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41249.jpg width="323" height="221" caption="Click to enlarge - DeviceLevelRing-CMYK" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41249.jpg"]] || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41299.jpg width="415" height="244" caption="Click to enlarge - Linear topology" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41299.jpg"]] ||
 * <span class="imagecaption1" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;">Embedded switch technology products from Rockwell Automation support additional EtherNet/IP topology options, such as device-level ring and linear, for your application. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">The 1783-ETAP modules enable single port devices to connect to a ring or linear topology.

3 copper ports || || 2 copper ports, 1 fiber port ||^  || 1 copper port, 2 fiber ports ||^  ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-ETAP || EtherNet/IP Tap
 * 1783-ETAP1F || EtherNet/IP Tap
 * 1783-ETAP2F || EtherNet/IP Tap

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

9.3 dB for 50/125 m m multimode fiber ||
 * || 1783-ETAP || 1783-ETAP1F || 1783-ETAP2F ||
 * Ports per Module || 3 || 3 ||  ||
 * Copper Ports || 3 10/100 Mbps, full or half duplex || 2 10/100 Mbps, full or half duplex || 1 10/100 Mbps, full or half duplex ||
 * Fiber Ports || — || 1 100 Base-FX port multimode, with LC connector || 2 100 Base-FX port multimode, with LC connector ||
 * CompactFlash Memory |||||| No ||
 * Power Requirements |||||| 24V DC (20.4…27.6V DC) ||
 * Current Consumption, Max. || 125 mA @ 24V DC || 200 mA @ 24V DC || 260 mA @ 24V DC ||
 * Power Consumption, Max. || 3 W || 4.8 W || 6.24 W ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate || — |||| 100 Mbps ||
 * Fiber Optic Link Budget || — |||| 12.8 dB for 62.5/125 m m multimode fiber
 * Fiber Optic Cable Length, Max || — |||| Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type || — |||| LC ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Key Software Features


 * Feature || Benefit ||
 * RSLogix 5000 AOP (Add On Profile) || Enables easy switch setup and diagnostics with Logix controllers and the Integrated Architecture ||
 * VLAN (Virtual LAN) with trunking || Helps ease network management in the production network ||
 * QoS (Quality of Service) || Enables prioritization of applications, users, or data flows to help provide a higher level of network predictability ||
 * Bandwidth Threshold Alarming || Supports alarms to track network changes and detect malfunctioning devices ||
 * STP/RSTP (Spanning Tree Protocol/Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) || Provides a resilient path between switches for applications that require a fault-tolerant network ||
 * DLR (Device-level Ring) || Supports a resilient ring network at the device level without external switching hardware, providing fast recovery rates for real-time control applications ||
 * CIP Sync (IEEE 1588) || Supports very high precision clock synchronization across automation devices for time-critical tasks such as accurate alarming for post-event diagnostics and precision motion ||
 * IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping and Querier || Reduces multicast traffic from intensive IP applications, such as I/O control on EtherNet/IP ||

<span class="heading4italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',arial,helvetica,geneva,'san serif'; font-size: 15px;">Additional Products with Embedded Switch Technology


 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * [|1756-EN2TR] || ControlLogix 2-Port EtherNet/IP Communication Module || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41359.jpg width="38" height="106" caption="Click to enlarge - 1756-EN2T_small" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41359.jpg"]] ||
 * [|1734-AENTR] || POINT I/O 2-Port EtherNet/IP Adapter || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41109.jpg width="89" height="112" caption="Click to enlarge - 1734-AENTR 10-07_1C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41109.jpg"]] ||
 * [|1738-AENTR] || ArmorPoint I/O 2-Port EtherNet/IP Adapter || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41110.jpg width="89" height="112" caption="Click to enlarge - 1738-AENTR10-07_1C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41110.jpg"]] ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

62.5/125 || 500 || 2 km (6562 ft) || Stratix 8000/8300 || 62.5/125 50/125  50/125 || 160  200  400  500 || 220 m (722 ft) 275 m (902 ft) 500 m (1640 ft) 550 m (1804 ft) || Stratix 8000/8300 Stratix 6000 || Stratix 6000 ||
 * SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) Transceivers ||
 * Cat. No. || Description || Wavelength || Fiber Type || Core Size/Cladding Size (micron) || Modal Bandwidth (MHz/km) ¬ || Cable Length || Compatible With ||
 * 1783-SFP100FX || 100Base-FX Multi-mode Fiber SFP || 1310 nm || MMF || 50/125
 * 1783-SFP100LX || 100Base-LX Single-mode Fiber SFP || 1310 nm || SMF || G.652 || — || 10 km (32.81 ft) || Stratix 8000/8300 ||
 * 1783-SFP1GSX || 1000Base-SX Multi-mode Fiber Transceiver || 850 nm || MMF || 62.5/125
 * 1783-SFP1GLX || 1000Base-LX/LH Single-mode Fiber SFP || 1310 nm || SMF || G.652 || — || 10 km (32.81 ft) || Stratix 8000/8300
 * ¬ Modal bandwidth applies only to multi-mode fiber. ||

T Replace 100 (100 m) with 300 (300 m) or 600 (600 m) for additional standard cable lengths. ||
 * Ethernet Cable ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1585J-M8PBJM-2 ¬ || RJ45 to RJ45 patchcord || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/35225.jpg width="103" height="83" caption="Click to enlarge - 1585J-M4_Product_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/35225.jpg"]] ||
 * 1585-C8PB-S100 T || Ethernet cable spool || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/37698.jpg width="177" height="57" caption="Click to enlarge - Ethernet cable spool" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/37698.jpg"]] ||
 * 1585J-M8CC-H || Field attachable connector, IDC || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42367.jpg width="172" height="74" caption="Click to enlarge - 1858J-M8CC-H Product" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42367.jpg"]] ||
 * ¬ Replace -2 (2 m) with 5 (5 m) or 10 (10 m) for additional standard cable lengths.

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The "photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process through which a PV cell converts sunlight into electricity. Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or absorbed, or they may pass right through. Only the absorbed photons generate electricity. When this happens, the energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the cell (which is actually a semiconductor). With its newfound energy, the electron is able to escape from its normal position associated with that atom to become part of the current in an electrical circuit. By leaving this position, the electron causes a "hole" to form. Special electrical properties of the PV cell—a built-in electric field—provide the voltage needed to drive the current through an external load (such as a light bulb). ** p-Types, n-Types, and the Electric Field ** To induce the electric field within a PV cell, two separate semiconductors are sandwiched together. The "p" and "n" types of semiconductors correspond to "positive" and "negative" because of their abundance of holes or electrons (the extra electrons make an "n" type because an electron actually has a negative charge). <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: inherit;">Although both materials are electrically neutral, n-type silicon has excess electrons and p-type silicon has excess holes. Sandwiching these together creates a p/n junction at their interface, thereby creating an electric field. When the p-type and n-type semiconductors are sandwiched together, the excess electrons in the n-type material flow to the p-type, and the holes thereby vacated during this process flow to the n-type. (The concept of a hole moving is somewhat like looking at a bubble in a liquid. Although it's the liquid that is actually moving, it's easier to describe the motion of the bubble as it moves in the opposite direction.) Through this electron and hole flow, the two semiconductors act as a battery, creating an electric field at the surface where they meet (known as the "junction"). It's this field that causes the electrons to jump from the semiconductor out toward the surface and make them available for the electrical circuit. At this same time, the holes move in the opposite direction, toward the positive surface, where they await incoming electrons.

Making n and p Material
The most common way of making p-type or n-type silicon material is to add an element that has an extra electron or is lacking an electron. In silicon, we use a process called "doping." We'll use silicon as an example because crystalline silicon was the semiconductor material used in the earliest successful PV devices, it's still the most widely used PV material, and, although other PV materials and designs exploit the PV effect in slightly different ways, knowing how the effect works in crystalline silicon gives us a basic understanding of how it works in all devices.
 * __ [|An Atomic Description of Silicon - The Silicon Molecule] __
 * __ [|Introducing Phosphorous - Boron - Other Semiconductor Materials] __

Absorption and Conduction
In a PV cell, photons are absorbed in the p layer. It's very important to "tune" this layer to the properties of the incoming photons to absorb as many as possible and thereby free as many electrons as possible. Another challenge is to keep the electrons from meeting up with holes and "recombining" with them before they can escape the cell. To do this, we design the material so that the electrons are freed as close to the junction as possible, so that the electric field can help send them through the "conduction" layer (the n layer) and out into the electric circuit. By maximizing all these characteristics, we improve the conversion efficiency* of the PV cell.  To make an efficient solar cell, we try to maximize absorption, minimize reflection and recombination, and thereby maximize conduction. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: inherit;">*The conversion efficiency of a PV cell is the proportion of sunlight energy that the cell converts to electrical energy. This is very important when discussing PV devices, because improving this efficiency is vital to making PV energy competitive with more traditional sources of energy (e.g., fossil fuels). Naturally, if one efficient solar panel can provide as much energy as two less-efficient panels, then the cost of that energy (not to mention the space required) will be reduced. For comparison, the earliest PV devices converted about 1%-2% of sunlight energy into electric energy. Today's PV devices convert 7%-17% of light energy into electric energy. Of course, the other side of the equation is the money it costs to manufacture the PV devices. This has been improved over the years as well. In fact, today's PV systems produce electricity at a fraction of the cost of early PV systems.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">" 태양광 효과"PV 세포가 전기에 태양빛을 변환하는 통하여 기본적인 신체 과정입니다.햇빛은 광자, 또는 태양 에너지의 입자로 구성되어 있습니다. 이러한 광자가 태양 스펙트럼의 다른 파장에 해당하는 에너지의 다양한 양의 포함되어 있습니다. 광자는 PV 셀을 공격하면, 그들은 반사하거나 흡수, 또는 그들은 통과 될 수 있습니다. 오직 흡수된 광자는 전기를 생성합니다. 이러한 현상이 발생하면, 광자의 에너지는 세포 (실제로 반도체되는)의 원자에서 전자로 전송됩니다. 자사의 새로운 에너지, 전자는 전기 회로에서 전류의 일부가 해당 원자와 관련된 정상적인 위치에서 벗어날 수 있습니다. 이 자리를 떠날함으로써, 전자는 양식에 "구멍"가 발생합니다. 특별 전기적 특성 PV 셀 - 내장된 전기 외부 부하 (예 : 전구 등)를 통해 전류를 드라이브에 필요한 전압을 현장 제공합니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">P 타입, N 타입, 그리고 전기장

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">PV 셀 내의 전기장을 유발하기 위해서, 두 개의 반도체 함께 끼워 넣으면됩니다. "P"와 반도체의 "N"형식 때문에 구멍이나 전자 (전자가 실제로 부정적인 요금을 가지고 있기 때문에 여분의 전자가 "N"유형을 만든다) 그들의 풍요의 "긍정"와 "부정"에 일치합니다. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">두 물질은 전기 중성이지만, N - 타입 실리콘 초과 전자를 가지고 있으며 P - 타입 실리콘 초과 구멍이 있습니다. 함께 이들을 Sandwiching하면이를 전기장을 만들고, 그들의 인터페이스에서 AP / N 연결을 만듭니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">P - 타입과 n 형 반도체를 서로 끼워 넣으면 경우, P - 타입에 N - 타입 물질의 흐름, 그리고 따라서 n 형이 프로세스 흐름 동안 비워 구멍에 과다한 전자. (구멍 이동의 개념은 액체의 거품 보는 것처럼 다소있다. 그것이 실제로 움직이고있는 액체이지만, 그것은 반대 방향으로 움직이면서 거품의 움직임을 설명하기는 점점 쉬워 져요.)이 전자와 구멍 흐름, 두 개의 반도체들은 (이하 "연결"로 알려진)을 만족 표면에서 전기장을 만들고, 배터리로 작동. 그것은 전자가 표면을 향해 밖으로 반도체에서 점프하고 전기 회로에 대한 그들 사용할 수 있도록 원인이 분야입니다. 이 동시에 구멍들이 들어오는 전자를 기다리고 긍정적인 표면, 방향, 반대 방향으로 이동합니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">N과 P 재료 만들기

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">P 형 또는 N - 타입 실리콘 물질을 만드는 가장 일반적인 방법은 여분의 전자를 가지고 또는 전자를 부족한 요소를 추가하는 것입니다. 실리콘, 우리는라는 프로세스를 사용 "도핑을." <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">다 른 PV 소재 및 디자인이 알고, 약간 다른 방식으로 PV 효과를 이용하지만 결정 실리콘은 최초의 성공적인 PV 장치에 사용되는 반도체 재료했기 때문에 우리는 예를 들어 실리콘을 사용하는 겁니다, 그것은 여전히​​ 가장 널리 사용되는 PV 소재, 그리고 효과가 결정 실리콘에서 작동하는 방법 우리는 모든 장치에서 작동하는 방법의 기본적인 이해를 제공합니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">실리콘의 원자 설명 - 실리콘 분자 <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">보론 - - 기타 반도체 재료 인 소개 <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">흡수 및 열전도

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">PV 전지에서 광자가 P 층에 흡수됩니다. 그것은 가능한 한 많이 그리고 가능한 많은 전자로함으로써 자유를 흡수하기 위해 들어오는 광자의 속성이 레이어를 '조정'하는 것은 매우 중요합니다. 또 다른 문제는 구멍이와 회의 및 그들이 세포를 탈출하기 전에 그들과 함께 "recombining"에서 전자를 유지하는 것입니다. 이렇게하려면, 우리는 전기장은 전기 회로에 '전도'레이어 (N 층)과 밖을 통해 보낼 수 있습니다 있도록 전자가 가능한 교차로에 가까운 해제되도록 자료를 설계. 이러한 모든 특성을 극대화하여, 우리는 PV 셀의 변환 효율 *을 향상시킵니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">효율적인 태양 전지를 만들기 위해선, 우리는 흡수를 극대화하려고, 반사 및 재조합을 최소화하고, 따라서 전도를 극대화할 수 있습니다. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">* PV 전지의 변환 효율은 세포가 전기 에너지로 변환되는 태양광 에너지의 비율이다. PV 장치를 토론 때이 효율성을 향상시키는 것은 에너지의 더 전통적인 소스 (예 : 화석 연료)와 경쟁 PV 에너지를 만들기 위해 중요하기 때문에 이것은 매우 중요합니다. 한 효율적인 태양 전지 패널에 두 개의 덜 효율적인 패널만큼 에너지를 제공할 수있다면 당연히, 그런 다음 에너지 비용 (공간이 필요 언급하지 않기 위하여)이 감소됩니다. 비교 들어, 최초의 PV 장치는 전기 에너지로 약 1 %에게 태양광 에너지의 -2 %를 변환. 오늘의 PV 장치는 7 % 증가 전기 에너지로 빛 에너지의 -17 %를 변환합니다. 물론, 방정식의 반대편은 PV 장치를 제조 비용을 돈을입니다. 이뿐만 아니라 지난 몇 년 동안 개선되었습니다. <span style="background-color: #ebeff9; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">사실, 오늘날의 PV 시스템은 초기 PV 시스템의 비용의 일부에 전기를 생산하고 있습니다

<span style="background-color: #ebeff9; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">光伏效应”是一个太阳能电池将太阳光转化为电能的基本物理过程. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">阳 光是由光子或粒子太阳能. 这些光子含有的能量相应的太阳光谱的不同波长的各种款项. 当光子撞击一个太阳能电池，他们可能会被反射或吸收，或他们可能会直接 通过. 只有吸收的光子产生电力. 发生这种情况时，光子的能量被转移到一个细胞的原子（这实际上是一种半导体）的电子. 随着其新能源，电子能够摆脱其正常位 置与该原子成为电路中的电流的一部分. 电子离开这个位置，原因形成的一个“洞”. 特殊的电气性能的光伏电池，内建电场提供所需的驱动电流通过外部负载（如 灯泡）电压.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">P -类型，N -类型，电场

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">要诱导一个光伏电池内的电场，两个独立的半导体夹着在一起. “P”和“N”类型的半导体，“积极”和“负”，因为他们的孔或电子（额外的电子“N”型，因为电子实际上有一个带负电荷）的丰度.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">虽然这两种材料是电中性的，N型硅有多余的电子，P型硅中有多余的孔. 夹这些结合起来，在它们的接口创建AP / n结，从而建立一个电场.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">当 p型和n型半导体夹在一起，在p型，N型物质流，从而在此过程中流动腾空N型的孔，多余的电子. （一个洞移动的概念是有点像在液体中的气泡虽然它的的液体，是实际上移动，它的更容易来描述泡沫的运动相反的方向移动. ）通过这个电子和孔流，两个半导体 作为一个电池，在表面，他们遇见（被称为“交界处”）创建一个电场. 它的这一领域，导致电子从半导体跳向表面，使他们的电路可用. 在此同时，孔向相反的方 向移动，朝着积极的表面，在那里等待传入电子.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">使N和P物质

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">p型或n型硅材料，最常用的方法是添加一个元素，有一个额外的电子，或者是缺乏一个电子. 在硅中，我们使用这个过程被称为“兴奋剂”.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">我们将使用硅作为一个例子，因为晶体硅是最早的成功的光伏设备中使用的半导体材料，它仍然是使用最广泛的光伏材料，虽然其他光伏材料和设计在略微不同的方式利用光伏效应，明知如何影响晶体硅的作品为我们提供了一个基本的了解它是如何在所有设备工程.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">硅原子的描述 - 硅分子

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">磷 - 硼 - 其它半导体材料简介

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">吸收和传导

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">在 光伏电池中，光子被吸收在P层. 这是非常重要的，“调整”这层传入的光子的属性，以吸收尽可能多的，从而尽可能多的电子. 另一个挑战是保持电子与孔会议和 “重组”，他们才可以逃脱细胞. 要做到这一点，我们在设计中解脱出来，使电子尽可能接近交界材料，使电场可以帮助他们通过“传导”层（N层）和成电路发 送. 通过最大限度地利用所有这些特征，我们提高光伏电池的转换效率*.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">为了使高效太阳能电池，我们尝试最大限度地吸收，最大限度地减少反射和重组，从而最大限度地传导.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">* 一个太阳能电池的转换效率是太阳光的能量，细胞转换为电能的比重. 这是非常重要的讨论光伏设备时，因为提高这个效率是非常重要的光伏能源与传统能源的来源 （例如，化石燃料）竞争. 当然，如果一个高效率的太阳能电池板可以提供两个低效率的面板一样多的能量，然后，能源成本（更不用提所需的空间）将降低. 相比 较而言，最​​早的光伏设备转换成电能约1％-2％的太阳光的能量. 今天的光伏设备转换为7％-17％的光能为电能. 当然，等式的另一边是它的成本生产光 伏设备的钱. 这已得到改进，以及多年来. 事实上，今天的光伏系统产生的电力在早期的光伏发电系统的成本的一小部分.

__Describing Photovoltaic Module Performance__. To insure compatibility with storage batteries or loads, it is necessary to know the electrical characteristics of photovoltaic modules. As a reminder, "I" is the abbreviation for current, expressed in amps. "V" is used for voltage in volts, and "R" is used for resistance in ohms. A photovoltaic module will produce its maximum current when there is essentially no resistance in the circuit. This would be a short circuit between its positive and negative terminals. This maximum current is called the short circuit current, abbreviated I(sc). When the module is shorted, the voltage in the circuit is zero. Conversely, the maximum voltage is produced when there is a break in the circuit. This is called the open circuit voltage, abbreviated V(oc). Under this condition the resistance is infinitely high and there is no current, since the circuit is incomplete. These two extremes in load resistance, and the whole range of conditions in between them, are depicted on a graph called a I-V (current-voltage) curve. Current, expressed in amps, is on the vertical Y-axis. Voltage, in volts, is on the horizontal X-axis (Figure 2-16).

|| Figure 2-16

A Typical Current-Voltage Curve
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-16.gif width="416" height="302" align="center" caption="figure2-16.gif (11869 bytes)"]] ||

|| || As you can see in Figure 2-16, the short circuit current occurs on a point on the curve where the voltage is zero. The open circuit voltage occurs where the current is zero.

The power available from a photovoltaic module at any point along the curve is expressed in watts. Watts are calculated by multiplying the voltage times the current (watts = volts x amps, or W = VA).

At the short circuit current point, the power output is zero, since the voltage is zero.

At the open circuit voltage point, the power output is also zero, but this time it is because the current is zero.

There is a point on the "knee" of the curve where the maximum power output is located. This point on our example curve is where the voltage is 17 volts, and the current is 2.5 amps. Therefore the maximum power in watts is 17 volts times 2.5 amps, equaling 42.5 watts.

The power, expressed in watts, at the maximum power point is described as peak, maximum, or ideal, among other terms. Maximum power is generally abbreviated as "I (mp)." Various manufacturers call it maximum output power, output, peak power, rated power, or other terms.

The current-voltage (I-V) curve is based on the module being under standard conditions of sunlight and module temperature. It assumes there is no shading on the module.

Standard sunlight conditions on a clear day are assumed to be 1000 watts of solar energy per square meter (1000 W/m2or lkW/m2). This is sometimes called "one sun," or a "peak sun." Less than one sun will reduce the current output of the module by a proportional amount. For example, if only one-half sun (500 W/m2) is available, the amount of output current is roughly cut in half (Figure 2-17).

||

|| Figure 2-17

A Typical Current-Voltage Curve at One Sun and One-half Sun
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-17.gif width="400" height="305" align="center" caption="figure2-17.gif (9598 bytes)"]] ||

|| || For maximum output, the face of the photovoltaic modules should be pointed as straight toward the sun as possible. Section 2.3.5 contains information on determining the correct direction and module tilt angle for various locations and applications.

Because photovoltaic cells are electrical semiconductors, partial shading of the module will cause the shaded cells to heat up. They are now acting as inefficient conductors instead of electrical generators. Partial shading may ruin shaded cells.

Partial module shading has a serious effect on module power output. For a typical module, completely shading only one cell can reduce the module output by as much as 80% (Figure 2-18). One or more damaged cells in a module can have the same effect as shading.

||

|| Figure 2-18

A Typical Current-Voltage Curve for an Unshaded Module and for a Module with One Shaded Cell
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-18.gif width="400" height="299" align="center" caption="figure2-18.gif (8499 bytes)"]] ||

|| || This is why modules should be completely unshaded during operation. A shadow across a module can almost stop electricity production. Thin film modules are not as affected by this problem, but they should still be unshaded.

Module temperature affects the output voltage inversely. Higher module temperatures will reduce the voltage by 0.04 to 0.1 volts for every one Celsius degree rise in temperature (0.04V/0C to 0.1V/0C). In Fahrenheit degrees, the voltage loss is from 0.022 to 0.056 volts per degree of temperature rise (Figure 2-19).

This is why modules should not be installed flush against a surface. Air should be allowed to circulate behind the back of each module so it's temperature does not rise and reducing its output. An air space of 4-6 inches is usually required to provide proper ventilation.

||

|| Figure 2-19

A Typical Current-Voltage Curve for a Module at 25°C (77°F) and 85°C (185°F)
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-19.gif width="400" height="286" align="center" caption="figure2-19.gif (8287 bytes)"]] ||

|| || The last significant factor which determines the power output of a module is the resistance of the system to which it is connected. If the module is charging a battery, it must supply a higher voltage than that of the battery.

If the battery is deeply discharged, the battery voltage is fairly low. The photovoltaic module can charge the battery with a low voltage, shown as point #1 in Figure 2-20. As the battery reaches a full charge, the module is forced to deliver a higher voltage, shown as point #2. The battery voltage drives module voltage.

||

|| Figure 2-20:

Operating Voltages During a Battery Charging Cycle
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-20.gif width="400" height="290" align="center" caption="figure2-20.gif (9866 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Eventually, the required voltage is higher than the voltage at the module's maximum power point. At this operating point, the current production is lower than the current at the maximum power point. The module's power output is also lower.

To a lesser degree, when the operating voltage is lower than that of the maximum power point (point #1), the output power is lower than the maximum. Since the ability of the module to produce electricity is not being completely used whenever it is operating at a point fairly far from the maximum power point, photovoltaic modules should be carefully matched to the system load and storage.

Using a module with a maximum voltage which is too high should be avoided nearly as much as using one with a maximum voltage which is too low.

The output voltage of a module depends on the number of cells connected in series. Typical modules use either 30, 32, 33, 36, or 44 cells wired in series.

The modules with 30-32 cells are considered self regulating modules. 36 cell modules are the most common in the photovoltaic industry. Their slightly higher voltage rating, 16.7 volts, allows the modules to overcome the reduction in output voltage when the modules are operating at high temperatures.

Modules with 33 - 36 cells also have enough surplus voltage to effectively charge high antimony content deep cycle batteries. However, since these modules can overcharge batteries, they usually require a charge controller.

Finally, 44 cell modules are available with a rated output voltage of 20.3 volts. These modules are typically used only when a substantially higher voltage is required.

As an example, if the module is sometimes forced to operate at high temperatures, it can still supply enough voltage to charge 1 2 volt batteries.

Another application for 44 cell modules is a system with an extremely long wire run between the modules and the batteries or load. If the wire is not large enough, it will cause a significant voltage drop. Higher module voltage can overcome this problem.

It should be noted that this approach is similar to putting a larger engine in a car with locked brakes to make it move faster. It is almost always more cost effective to use an adequate wire size, rather than to overcome voltage drop problems with more costly 44 cell modules.

Section 2.5.5 discusses maximum power point trackers. These devices are used to bring the module to a point as close as possible to the maximum power point. They are used mostly in direct DC systems, particularly with DC motors for pumping.

||

|| 2.3.4  When modules are connected in parallel, the current increases. For example, three modules which produce 15 volts and 3 amps each, connected in parallel, will produce 15 volts and 9 amps (Figure 2-21). ||
 * __Photovoltaic Arrays__. In many applications the power available from one module is inadequate for the load. Individual modules can be connected in series, parallel, or both to increase either output voltage or current. This also increases the output power.

|| Figure 2-21:

Three Modules Connected in Parallel
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-21.gif width="450" height="257" align="center" caption="figure2-21.gif (34230 bytes)"]] ||

|| || If the system includes a battery storage system, a reverse flow of current from the batteries through the photovoltaic array can occur at night. This flow will drain power from the batteries.

A diode is used to stop this reverse current flow. Diodes are electrical devices which only allow current to flow in one direction (Figure 2-22). A __blocking__ diode is shown in the array in Figure 2-23.

Diodes with the least amount of voltage drop are called schottky diodes, typically dropping .3 volts instead of .7 volts as in silicon diodes.

||

|| Figure 2-22:

Basic Operation of a Diode
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-22.gif width="400" height="259" align="center" caption="figure2-22.gif (8441 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Because diodes create a voltage drop, some systems use a controller which opens the circuit instead of using a blocking diode.

If the same three modules are connected in series, the output voltage will be 45 volts, and the current will be 3 amps.

If one module in a series string fails, it provides so much resistance that other modules in the string may not be able to operate either. A bypass path around the disabled module will eliminate this problem (Figure 2-23). The bypass diode allows the current from the other modules to flow through in the "right" direction.

Many modules are supplied with a bypass diode right at their electrical terminals. Larger modules may consist of three groups of cells, each with its own bypass diode.

Built in bypass diodes are usually adequate unless the series string produces 48 volts or higher, or serious shading occurs regularly.

Combinations of series and parallel connections are also used in arrays (Figure 2-24). If parallel groups of modules are connected in a series string, large bypass diodes are usually required.

||

|| Figure 2-23:

Three Modules Connected in Series with a Blocking Diode and Bypass Diodes
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-23.gif width="326" height="485" align="center" caption="figure2-23.gif (28172 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Isolation diodes are used to prevent the power from the rest of an array from flowing through a damaged series string of modules. They operate like a blocking diode. They are normally required when the array produces 48 volts or more. If isolation diodes are used on every series string, a blocking diode is normally not required.

||

|| Figure 2-24:

Twelve Modules in a Parallel-Series Array with Bypass Diodes and Isolation Diodes
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-24.gif width="445" height="384" align="center" caption="figure2-24.gif (62745 bytes)"]] ||

|| || __ Flat-plate stationary arrays __

Stationary arrays are the most common. Some allow adjustments in their tilt angle from the horizontal. These changes can be made any number of times throughout the year, although they are normally changed only twice a year. The modules in the array do not move throughout the day (Figure 2-25).

||

|| Figure 2-25:

Adjustable Array Tilted for Summer and Winter Solar Angles
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-25.gif width="278" height="439" align="center" caption="figure2-25.gif (13954 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Although a stationary array does not capture as much energy as a tracking array that follows the sun across the sky, and more modules may be required, there are no moving parts to fail. This reliability is why a stationary array is often used for remote or dangerous locations. Section 2.3.5 contains information on determining the correct tilt angle and orientation for different photovoltaic applications.

**__Portable arrays__**

A portable array may be as small as a one square foot module easily carried by one person to recharge batteries for communications or flashlights. They can be mounted on vehicles to maintain the engine battery during long periods of inactivity. Larger ones can be installed on trailers or truck beds to provide a portable power supply for field operations (Figures 2-26 and 2-27)

||

|| Figure 2-26:

Personal Photovoltaic Array

Photo Courtesy of Arco Solar, Inc. Portable Power Supply Photo Courtesy of Integrated Power Corp || ||
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-26.gif width="383" height="147" align="center" caption="figure2-26.gif (23291 bytes)"]] ||
 * Figure 2-27

|| || **__ Tracking arrays __**

Arrays that track, or follow the sun across the sky, can follow the sun in one axis or in two (Figure 2-28). Tracking arrays perform best in areas with very clear climates. This is because following the sun yields significantly greater amounts of energy when the sun's energy is predominantly direct. Direct radiation comes straight from the sun, rather than the entire sky.

Normally, one axis trackers follow the sun from the east to the west throughout the day. The angle between the modules and the ground does not change. The modules face in the "compass" direction of the sun, but may not point exactly up at the sun at all times.

Two axis trackers change both their east-west direction and the angle from the ground during the day. The modules face straight at the sun all through the day. Two axis trackers are considerably more complicated than one axis types.

||

||

|| One Axis and Two Axis Tracking Arrays ||
 * Figure 2-28

|| || Three basic tracking methods are used. The first uses simple motor, gear, and chain systems to move the array. The system is designed to mechanically point the modules in the direction the sun should be. No

sensors or devices actually confirm that the modules are facing the right way.

The second method uses photovoltaic cells as sensors to orient the larger modules in the array. This can be done by placing a cell on each side of a small divider, and mounting the package so it is facing the same way as the modules (Figure 2-29).

||

|| FIGURE 2-29

Photovoltaic Cells

Used as Solar

Orientation Sensor
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-29.gif width="253" height="199" align="center" caption="figure2-29.gif (14025 bytes)"]] ||

|| || An electronic device constantly compares the small current flow from both cells. If one is shaded, the device triggers a motor to move the array until both cells are exposed to equal amounts of sunlight.

At night or during cloudy weather, the output of both sensor cells is equally low, so no adjustments are made. When the sun comes back up in the morning, the array will move back to the east to follow the sun again.

Although both methods of tracking with motors are quite accurate, there is a "parasitic" power consumption. The motors take up some of the energy the photovoltaic system produces.

A method which has no parasitic consumption uses two small photovoltaic modules to power a reversible gear motor directly. If both modules are in equal sunlight, as shown in Figure 2-30, current flows through the modules and none flows through the motor.

||

|| FIGURE 2-30

Current Flow with Both Modules in Equal Sunlight Current Flow with One Module Shaded || || Current Flow with the Other Module Shaded || ||
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-30.gif width="355" height="183" align="center" caption="figure2-30.gif (12451 bytes)"]] ||
 * If the right module is shaded, it acts as a resistor (Figure 2-31). Now the current will flow through the motor, turning it in one direction. ||
 * FIGURE 2-31
 * If the other module, shown in Figure 2-32 on the left, is shaded, the current from the right module flows in the opposite direction. The motor will turn in the opposite direction as well. ||
 * FIGURE 2-32
 * The motor must be able to turn in both directions. ||

|| || A third tracking method uses the expansion and contraction of fluids to move the array. Generally, a container is filled with a fluid that vaporizes and expands considerably whenever it is in the sun. It condenses and contracts similarly when in the shade. These "passive" tracking methods have proven to be reliable and durable, even in high wind situations.

One system, the 9'SUN SEEKER" TM from Robbins Engineering, uses the pressure of the expansion and contraction to operate a hydraulic cylinder. Flexible piping from two containers filled with freon goes to opposite sides of a piston in the cylinder (Figure 2-33).

||

|| FIGURE 2-33

Sun Seeker System without Modules

Photo Courtesy of Robbins Engineering, Inc.
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-33.gif width="397" height="267" align="center" caption="figure2-33.gif (28956 bytes)"]] ||

|| || If the array is facing the sun, the pressure in both containers stays the same, and the piston will not move in the cylinder. However, when the sun moves the shading on the containers changes, placing them under different pressures.

The pressure difference, brought to the cylinder by the piping, will move the piston. The shaft from the piston will move the array. When the array is pointed back at the sun, the pressure stops increasing in the cylinder, and the piston and rod stop moving.

Another way to move the array with an expansive fluid is to use the change in fluid weight when it vaporizes. The Solar Track Rack TM by Zomeworks uses this method (Figures 2-34 and 2-35).

||

|| FIGURE 2-34

Solar Track Rack without Modules

Photo Courtesy of Zomeworks Corp.

|| || The fluid-filled containers are integrated into the sides of the array mounting structure. They are connected together flexible piping, which is protected in the mounting structure. As long as the array is facing directly at the sun, the shades cover each container equally.

When the array is no longer facing directly at the sun, one container is exposed to more heat from the sun. This causes the fluid in that container to boil out of that container into the other one. Now the shaded container has more fluid in it and is heavier. The array will drop down like a "teeter-totter" in the direction of the shaded container until the shading equalizes on the two containers again.

||

|| FIGURE 2-35

Solar Track Rack without Modules Mounted

Photo Courtesy of Zomeworks Corp.

|| || Since this method is more sensitive, wind can move the array. A shock absorber is included in the system to absorb such rapidly applied forces.

__** Reflectors **__

Reflectors are sometimes used to increase the amount of solar energy striking the modules (Figure 2-36). Since reflectors cost less than photovoltaic modules, this method may be used for some applications. There are several problems with reflectors, however.

Not all photovoltaic modules are designed for the higher temperatures reflectors cause. The performance and physical structure of many modules will suffer if reflectors are used with them. Remember that higher module temperatures mean lower output voltages.

||

|| FIGURE 2-36

Reflectors on a Fixed Photovoltaic Array
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-36.gif width="244" height="210" align="center" caption="figure2-36.gif (129948 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Another problem is that reflectors work mostly with sunlight coming directly from the sun. Since a great deal of the sun's energy in cloudy climates comes to the earth's surface from all parts of the sky, reflectors are most effective in clear climates.

In all but the clearest of climates, the amount of direct solar energy is rarely high enough to justify the use of reflectors all year.

By increasing the overall surface area of the array, reflectors also increase the array's wind loading characteristics.

Finally, some type of tracking system may be required. This increases the system cost, may add a parasitic power loss, and can reduce the system reliability. Poorly designed or improperly installed reflectors have been known to shade modules.

__** Concentrators **__

Concentrators use lenses or parabolic reflectors to focus light from a larger area onto a photovoltaic cell of smaller area. The cells are spread out more than a typical module, and must be a high temperature type. They may have a heat removal system to keep module temperatures down and output voltages up. These systems have the same disadvantages of reflectors, and are higher in cost. As a consequence, large systems feeding a utility grid are usually the only ones using reflectors or concentrators.

**__ Bracket mounting __**

Small arrays of one or two modules can use simple brackets to secure the modules individually to a secure surface (Figure 2-25). The surface may be a roof, wall, post, pole, or vehicle. Brackets can include some method to adjust the tilt angle of the module.

The brackets are usually aluminum. If steel is used, it should be painted or treated to prevent corrosion. Galvanized steel is normally avoided, because the continuous grounding used on arrays aggravates the galvanic corrosion that occurs between galvanized steel and almost all other metals.

Fastener hardware should be stainless steel or cadmium plated to prevent corrosion. Identical metals should be used for components and fasteners whenever possible.

__** Pole mounting **__

Typically, up to four modules can be connected together and mounted on a pole (Figure 2-37). Typically, 2 1/2" nominal steel pipe (O.D. of 3") is used.

Black iron or steel pipe can be used, if painted. Galvanized pipe, rarely available in this size, can be used if compatible fasteners are used. Larger arrays can be pole mounted, if hardware sizes are appropriately increased.

The same types of materials used for bracket mounting should be used for pole mounting.

||

|| FIGURE 2-37

Pole Mount of Photovoltaic Array
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-37.gif width="242" height="274" align="center" caption="figure2-37.gif (11365 bytes)"]] ||

|| || **__ Ground mounting __**

For arrays of eight or more modules, ground mounting is usually the most appropriate technique. The greatest concern is often the uplifting force of wind on the array. This is why most ground mounted arrays are on some kind of sturdy base, usually concrete.

Concrete bases are either piers, a slab with thicker edges, or footings at the front and rear of the array (Figure 2-38). All three usually include a steel reinforcement bar.

In some remote sites it may be more desirable to use concrete block instead of poured concrete. The best way to do this is to use two-web bond-beam block, reinforce it with steel, and fill the space between the webs with concrete or mortar.

Pressure-treated wood of adequate size is sometimes used for ground mounting. This can work well in fairly dry climates, but only if the beams are securely anchored to the ground, and regular inspection and maintenance is provided.

||

|| FIGURE 2-38

Concrete Bases
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-38.gif width="361" height="488" align="center" caption="figure2-38.gif (237944 bytes)"]] ||

|| || The array's mounting hardware can be bolted to an existing slab. With

extensive shimming, some mountaintop arrays are bolted to exposed rock. In either case, adequately sized expansion-type anchor bolts are used. The heads of the bolts should be covered with some type of weatherproof sealant. Silicone sealant is the best choice.

||

|| FIGURE 2-39

Forces on a Photovoltaic Array
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-39.gif width="410" height="416" align="center" caption="figure2-39.gif (16688 bytes)"]] ||

|| || __** Structure mounting **__

Photovoltaic modules mounted on buildings or other structures are subjected to downward force when the wind hits their front surfaces. When the wind strikes the back of the modules, upward force is generated (Figure 2-39).

For this reason, the attachment to the building of modules with exposed backs is designed to resist both directions of force.

Another consideration when modules are mounted to a structure is the trapped heat between the module and the structure. Remember that module voltage drops with increased temperature.

Generally, photovoltaic arrays are mounted on structures in such a way that air can maturely circulate under the modules. This keeps the modules operating at the lowest possible temperature and highest possible output voltage. Access to the back of the modules also simplifies service operations.

|| The tilt should be within 10 degrees of the listed angle. For example, a system used throughout the year at a latitude of 350 can have a tilt angle of 250 to 450 without a noticeable decrease in annual performance. ||
 * 2.3.5 || __Module Tilt and Orientation__. Permanently mounted modules should be tilted up from the horizontal (Figure 2-40 and Table 2-2). The correct tilt angle varies with the times of year the system is used, and the latitude of the site. The tilt angle is measured from the horizontal, not from a pitched roof or hillside.

|| FIGURE 2-40

Module Tilt Measured form the Horizontal on Level and Tilted Surfaces
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-40.gif width="424" height="428" align="center" caption="figure2-40.gif (237944 bytes)"]] ||

|| ** Table 2-2 Photovoltaic Module Tilt Angles **

||

|| || Time of Year

System is Used

the Most Tilt Angle ||  || Mostly Winter Mostly Summer Mostly Fall or Spring || Latitude Latitude + 15° Latitude - 15° Latitude ||  ||
 * Recommended
 * || All Year

|| || For proper operation, the modules must be oriented as close as possible toward the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, this direction is true south. In most areas, this varies from the magnetic south given by a compass. A simple correction must be made.

First, find the magnetic variation from an isogonic map. This is given in degrees east or west from magnetic south (Figure 2-41).

||



Figure 2-41: Isogonic Map of the United States

|| || For example, a site in Montana has a magnetic variation of 200 east. This means that trne south is 200 east of magnetic south. On a compass oriented so the north needle is at 3600, true south is in the direction indicated by 1600 (Figure 2-42).

||

|| FIGURE 2-42

Directions on a Compass at 20° East Magnetic Variation
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-42.gif width="246" height="242" align="center" caption="figure2-42.gif (5650 bytes)"]] ||

|| || The modules should be installed within 200 of true south. In areas with morning fog, the array can be oriented up to 200 toward the west to compensate. Conversely, arrays in areas with a high incidence of afternoon storms can be oriented toward the east.

If the array is located in the Southern Hemisphere, the array must face true north.

Small portable arrays are usually just pointed at the sun, and moved every hour or so to follow the sun across the sky.

||

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Matirals List

10-3wg Wire Photovolatic cell - Metals

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<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #556581; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Tahoma,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|THHN: Understanding THHN Wire]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Building wire is generally used to carry electrical current to all external uses of power in a building or dwelling. This product is utilized in the construction of almost every industrial, residential and commercial building. The most popular type is <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #556581; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|**THHN building wire**] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">THHN Wire stands for Thermoplastic High Heat-resistant Nylon coated. THHN can come in stranded or solid conductors depending on the size. It is either manufactured in copper or aluminum and covered in a PVC (polyvinyl chloride) insulation with a nylon jacket. THHN is UL listed with a rated 90 degrees Celsius in dry locations or 75 degrees Celsius in wet applications with a THWN rating. The vast majority of THHN building wire carries a dual rating on the cable marked THHN / THWN for both the wet and dry temperature rating. THHN building wire may also be used for wiring of machine tools, control circuits or on certain appliances.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">THHN building wire has several main distinctions compared to other building wire products. THHN uses a thinner PVC insulation which is a key factor in terms of its electrical properties. This thinner insulation can often lead to a current leakage and even a breakdown during chemical or environmental exposure. The PVC insulation in THHN also creates a toxic smoke when burned therefore making it undesireable in certain applications.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">THHN is not a very flexible product due to its nylon coating. This can often be a factor for many contractors or end users since there is usually a preference to use a product that saves energy and time during installation. However, THHN building wire has grown in popularity since it is a cost effective alternative compared to other types of building wire such as XHHW building wire. Despite some of its down falls, many users of THHN building wire have found this products to be sufficient for meeting their projects specifications.

|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 * Gauge # || Diameter (inches) || Area (circular mils) ||
 * 4/0 || 0.4600 || 211,600 ||
 * 3/0 || 0.4100 || 168,100 ||
 * 2/0 || 0.3650 || 133,225 ||
 * 1/0 || 0.3250 || 105,625 ||
 * 1 || 0.2890 || 83,521 ||
 * 2 || 0.2580 || 66,564 ||
 * 4 || 0.2040 || 41,616 ||
 * 6 || 0.1620 || 26,244 ||
 * 8 || 0.1280 || 16,384 ||
 * 10 || 0.1020 || 10,404 ||
 * 12 || 0.0810 || 6,561 ||
 * 14 || 0.0640 || 4,096 ||
 * 16 || 0.0510 || 2,601 ||
 * 18 || 0.0400 || 1,600 ||
 * 20 || 0.0320 || 1,024 ||
 * 22 || 0.0253

|| 640.1 ||

Application:
THHN Wire and TFFN Wire are general purpose wiring in accordance with the NEC, maximum conductor temperature of 90°C in dry locations and 75°C in wet locations, 600 volts for installation in conduit or other recognized raceway. For wiring of machine tools, appliances and control circuits not exceeding 600 volts.

Description:

 * Conductor of soft drawn bare copper
 * Primary Insulation of PVC with nylon jacket.
 * UL listed Standards 83 & 1063 as: Type THHN 90°C in dry locations, Type THWN 75°C in wet locations.
 * Gasoline and oil resistant II. Type MTW 90°C Machine Tool Wire (stranded only) 105°C AWM, 80°C where exposed to oil.
 * CSA approval available upon request.

v http://www.buglabs.net/

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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS,sans-serif;">Photocell Circuit 220 Volt We want an automatic control system that can make circuit work at a 220 voltagr

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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">[] <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">[|http://home.cogeco.ca/~rpaisley4/PhotoDetectors.html] <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">[]

http://www.sparkbangbuzz.com/els/photocell-el.htm http://www.ingenuity-design.com.au/

<span style="color: #007fd8; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">**Software Design** Embedded Linux Development http://www.buglabs.net/ www.shoppureenergy.com/
 * PC Application Programming
 * VHDL Development

\

=How do simple electrical circuits work?=

The most basic electrical circuit consists of a power supply (source) and a 'load'. Here are some basic examples; AC & DC respectively:


 * Household AC + Lightbulb

A typical electrical circuit could be a 'source', 'load', & switch:
 * Car Battery + Starter
 * Car Battery + Horn

Another typical circuit could be; Source, Load, Switch, Feedback device:
 * Household AC (wall socket), + lamp + lightswitch
 * Car Battery + Starter + ignition switch (key turning)
 * Car Battery + Horn + Sensor Switch on Steering wheel (to blow the horn)


 * Household AC + Clothes Dryer + Start Button + "On" light
 * Car Alternator + Radio + Radio 'On' Switch + Radio 'On' LED

Read more: [|http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_simple_electrical_circuits_work#ixzz1cc4qqdnG]

=How do on off switches work?=

Well............

the switch is attached to a metal clasp. So when the switch is switched, the two metal paths join and creates an electricity circuit!

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Read more: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #003399; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">[|http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_on_off_switches_work#ixzz1cc5EOO00]

http://www.hyperstaffs.info/work/physics/child/index.html http://www.wireityourself.com/

the website of the curtain but is in chinese, for the environment control system [] []

about electrical circuits that kind of things []

Homemade Photocell and Setup for Experimentation.




===An audio amplifier can be connected in parallel with the meter. This allows photocell action to be evaluated either by watching the meter or by listening to the amp. Light that is fluctuating at an audio rate and striking the photocell will be heard in the amp.===

This is a copper oxide photocell and is very simple to make using materials found around the house, yet it seems to serve the purpose as well as similar but more complex homemade photocells that I have read about elsewhere. Although this photocell does not produce enough power to charge batteries or run circuits etc, it can be used for things such as a light sensor or as a pickup to hear a sound modulated light beam. Just imagine the thrill of hearing a sound modulated light beam through a homemade photocell. To make this photocell, you simply heat a small area on piece of thin copper sheet, red hot in a propane flame, for a minute or so and let it cool. A photocell can now be formed by putting a drop of strong salt solution on the oxidized copper plate and bringing a piece of clean copper wire in contact with the drop. That is all there is to it. The copper wire can be held in place by attaching it to a small block of wood that sits near the copper plate. The plate is one terminal of the cell and the clean copper wire is the other. All pieces of copper that I tried, such as .006 copper sheet from the craft store or a piece of copper tube, worked well. When this photocell is connected across a volt meter, a small voltage (a few millivolts) will be measured. The copper contact wire on the salt water drop becomes the negative terminal. This voltage can increase 5 to 20 millivolts by just shining a small flashlight on to the drop of salt water. By connecting this homemade photocell to an audio amplifier, audio and even music can be heard from a sound modulated light source. I prefer the use of analog volt meters over digital ones for this kind of experimentation. The analog meter can give you a much faster feedback and better overall interpretation of what is happening. A digital meter can still serve the purpose well but getting a good feel for what is happening can be difficult when all you see is a bunch of changing numbers. I have found that it is not necessary to remove the top layer of black oxide as is suggested in other articles. Sometimes these homemade photocells actually work best on the black oxide areas. One big advantage of this drop of salt water method, is that the whole copper plate does not have to be rigorously prepared. One small spot of good oxide on the copper plate is all that is necessary to make a good photocell. Most pieces however, have a large percentage of usable area. Numerous drops of salt water can be placed in various locations on the surface of the oxidized copper plate. The best spots can then be found by touching the copper wire to the different drops of salt water. All pieces of copper that I have heat treated work as a photocell but some are better than others. The challenging aspect is not in making the photocell work, but merely in getting optimum performance from it. One photocell that I made could give a whopping 50 mv increase when the light from a small flashlight was directed on to it. I usually work under some fluorescent lights which vary in intensity 120 times a second (upper and lower halves of the 60 Hz power waveform). I can also connect the plate and copper wire to an audio amplifier and listen for 120 cycle hum in the amplifier as I touch the copper wire to the different drops of salt water. The best places are easily recognized by the loudest hum. The photocell action can then be verified by blocking the light and hearing the 120 cycle hum diminish or go away completely. The little amplifiers from Radio Shack that fit in the palm of your hand, work well with these homemade photocells.

Finding the best spots for photocell action.


===While working under fluorescent lights or with a sound modulated LED near by, several drops of salt water can be placed on the oxidized copper sheet. By connecting the photocell to an audio amplifier, the best spots on the copper sheet can be found simply by touching the contact wire to the different drops of salt water. The copper sheet shown could be easily cut into several good photocells after the good spots are found.===

Transmitting Sound On A Light Beam and Hearing It With The Homemade Photocell.






===Top picture is a photocell being used as a pickup for sound modulated light from an LED. Distance can be greatly increased with lenses or by using a sound modulated laser pointer. The middle picture is a diagram of how to produce a sound modulated light using a LED (the very bright 2000 to 5000 mcd output ones work best). The headphone output from a small radio is a good source of audio to transmit on the light beam. The lower picture shows a photocell connected to the amp for hearing sound modulated light.===

Other Light Sensitive Materials.
Since it is so simple to place a drop of salt water on any material, it is easy to explore different materials for photocell action. So far, I have found Iron Pyrites and Galena to exhibit a lesser but noticeable amount of light sensitivity. I also used a steel contact wire to contact the salt water drop on the Pyrites and Galena to make sure that the signal I was hearing, was not just the result of light sensitivity of the copper contact wire itself.

Silicon is Really Hot Stuff.
I made some really hot photocells that put out a much louder signal from the sound modulated light, using scrap pieces of silicon. These pieces are some sort of scrap from the semiconductor industry and are available at almost any rock shop or rock show. The only drawback with the silicon is that it is not as fun as using a more common household material such as copper to make a photocell. A metal clamp was placed around the piece of silicon to make contact with it. A drop of salt water was placed on the silicon and a piece of wire was then brought into contact with the drop just as described above.

Photocell Made From A Piece Of Silicon.


The rough looking pieces of silicon worked best. The smooth polished like silicon pieces didn't work as well unless they were broken in two. After breaking a piece in two, the newly exposed faces would usually make a very good photocell. Almost all of the silicon pieces that I had around worked very well. The silicon photocell was very peculiar in that I was not able to observe any dc voltage or current from it even though it produced a very much stronger audio signal from the sound modulated light. It acted similar to a normal photocell, that produces dc, but in series with a capacitor. When a flashlight beam is first directed on to the silicon photocell, a positive voltage will rise and then settle to zero while the beam is held in place. When the flashlight beam is later removed, the voltage (that now has settled back to zero) from the silicon cell will drop to a negative value and settle back up to zero.

Selenium Rectifier is also hot for photocells.
Using the same drop of salt water method, a plate taken from an old selenium rectifier also worked very well as a photocell pickup for sound modulated light. Unlike the silicon cell, casual observation showed that the selenium photocell, like the copper oxide cell, could produce a steady dc voltage from a steady light source.

look at this website, is the same information http://www.sparkbangbuzz.com/els/photocell-el.htm A simple electrical circuit. This circuit has a power source, a complete path for [|electrons] to flow, and a [|resistor] as the load

An **electrical network** is an interconnection of [|electrical elements] such as [|resistors], [|inductors], [|capacitors], [|transmission lines], [|voltage sources], [|current sources] and [|switches]. An **electrical circuit** is a special type of network, one that has a closed loop giving a return path for the current. Electrical networks that consist only of sources (voltage or current), linear lumped elements (resistors, capacitors, inductors), and linear distributed elements (transmission lines) can be analyzed by algebraic and transform methods to determine [|DC response], [|AC response], and [|transient response]. A network that contains [|active] [|electronic] components is known as an **[|electronic circuit]**. Such networks are generally nonlinear and require more complex design and analysis tools

http://baike.baidu.com/view/134362.htm .

about electric circuits <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">[] <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">[]

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">[] ←This is Korean website

[] chinese material website but it doesn't have many

[] - TYpes of photocells

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=<span style="color: #bb2322; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: large;">SWITCHES = <span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Industrial Ethernet Switches and Media


 * [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42669.jpg width="125" height="134" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-RMS10T_Stratix8300_10port_front_color" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42669.jpg"]] || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783_Stratix6000_4C.jpg width="66" height="130" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783_Stratix6000_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783_Stratix6000_4C.jpg"]] || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C.jpg width="123" height="132" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C.jpg"]] ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">For real-time control and information flow throughout the manufacturing and IT enterprise, Rockwell Automation offers a full portfolio of industrial Ethernet switches and [|media] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">, featuring a line of managed switches integrated with Cisco technology. The portfolio contains many popular features that are in use today by IT and Controls organizations that deploy standard, unmodified Ethernet with settings optimized for use in EtherNet/IP applications.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix switch products include Stratix 8000/8300™ Modular Managed Switches, Stratix 6000™ Fixed Managed Switches, and Stratix 2000™ Unmanaged Switches. Embedded switch technology is available in various Rockwell Automation products to enable ring and linear topologies.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the following for more information:


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EtherNet/IP Embedded Switch Technology Application Guide, publication [|ENET-AP005]
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EtherNet/IP Performance and Application Guide, publication [|ENET-AP001]
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EtherNet/IP Media Planning and Installation Manual, available from [|www.odva.org]
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Additional resources, such as design guides, white papers, and presentations, are available at [|Converged Plantwide EtherNet Architectures]

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Select the switch depending on the application and environment.

• Integrates enterprise and manufacturing environments • Manages multicast traffic • Requires diagnostics data • Requires security options || [|Stratix 8300 Modular Managed Switches] || • Manages multicast traffic • Requires diagnostics data • Requires security options || [|Stratix 8000 Switches] || • Manages multicast traffic • Requires diagnostics data • Requires security options || [|Stratix 6000 Switches] || • Is a small, isolated network || [|Stratix 2000 Switches] || • Requires high performance resilient networks • Requires diagnostic data || [|Embedded Switch Technology] ||
 * If your application || Select ||
 * • Requires Layer 3 routing
 * • Integrates enterprise and manufacturing environments
 * • Integrates plant floor devices
 * • Requires easy set-up and direct replacement of switches
 * • Requires multiple Ethernet topologies

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Environmentals and Certifications

<span class="heading4italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',arial,helvetica,geneva,'san serif'; font-size: 15px;">Environmental Specifications

(-40…140 °F) || 0…60 °C (32…140 °F) || 0…60 °C (32…140 °F) || Copper tap: T -25…70 °C (‑13…158 °F) Fiber tap: T -25…60 °C (‑13…140 °F) || 147 x 152 x 112 mm Expansion modules:‡ 147 x 97 x 112 mm || 114 x 51 x 89 mm || 4- and 5-port switch: ¬ 108 x 22.5 x 127 mm 7- and 8-port switch: ¬ 108 x 45 x 127 mm || 132 x 56.7 x 35.6 mm || ‡ Cat. nos.: Base switch, 1783‑MS06T, 1783‑MS10T, 1783-RMS06T, 1783-RMS10T. Expansion modules, 1783‑MX08T, 1783‑MX08F. ¬ Cat. nos.: 4- and 5-port switch, 1783‑US03T01F, 1783‑US05T. 7- and 8-port switch, 1783‑US06T01F, 1783‑US08T. ||
 * || Stratix 8000/8300 Switches || Stratix 6000 Switches || Stratix 2000 Switches || EtherNet/IP Taps with Embedded Switch Technology ||
 * Operating Temperature || -40…60 °C
 * Enclosure Type Rating || IP20 || IP20 || IP20 || None (open-style) ||
 * Relative Humidity || 5…95% noncondensing || 5…95% noncondensing || 5…95% noncondensing || 5…95% noncondensing ||
 * Vibration || 2 g at 10…500 Hz || 2 g at 10…500 Hz || 2 g at 10…500 Hz || 5 g at 10…500 Hz ||
 * Operating Shock || 20 g || 15 g || 15 g || 30 g ||
 * Nonoperating Shock || 30 g || 30 g || 30 g || 50 g ||
 * Dimensions (HxWxD), approx. || Base switch:‡
 * T Cat. nos.: Copper tap, 1783-ETAP. Fiber tap, 1783-ETAP1F, 1783-ETAP2F.

<span class="heading4italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',arial,helvetica,geneva,'san serif'; font-size: 15px;">Certifications

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix 8000/8300: c-UL-us, CE, C-Tick, Ex, EtherNet/IP, Marine, IEC 61850, IEEE1613. <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix 6000: c-UL-us, CE, C-Tick, Ex, c-ETL-us, EtherNet/IP. <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix 2000: c-UL-us, CE, C-Tick, Ex. <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">EtherNet/IP Taps: c-UL-us, CE, C-Tick, Ex, EtherNet/IP.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">When product is marked, see the Product Certification link at [|www.ab.com] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> for Declarations of Conformity, Certificates, and other certification details.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Stratix 8300 Modular Managed Switches


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42669.jpg width="156" height="167" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-RMS10T_Stratix8300_10port_front_color" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42669.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Allen-Bradley Stratix 8300 Layer 3 managed switch extends the Allen-Bradley Stratix 8000 industrial switch family to provide Layer 3 routing capability. As a full-featured Layer 3 switch, the new Stratix 8300 offers static, dynamic, multicast, redundant, IPv6 and policy-based routing and VFR-Lite virtualization. This allows for maximum flexibility in providing secure segmented architectures for industrial Ethernet applications.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Optimized with features for both IT and manufacturing environments, the Stratix 8000 and 8300™ Modular Managed Ethernet Switches are the first of their kind. The result of a joint collaboration between Cisco and Rockwell Automation, this industrial Ethernet switch line uses the current Cisco Catalyst operating system, feature set, and user interface, making IT professionals feel at home. At the same time, it provides easy set-up and comprehensive diagnostic information from within the Rockwell Automation Integrated Architecture.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Users have the benefits of the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) interface for predefined Logix tags and configuration screens in RSLogix 5000 programming software, as well as diagnostic faceplates for Rockwell Software FactoryTalk View HMI software, which is the preferred way for controls and automation professionals to integrate networked devices. Modular and industrially rated, the product line scales from 6 to 26 ports with options for copper and fiber to meet a variety of applications.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best of Cisco:
 * Secure integration with enterprise network
 * Cisco internet operating system (IOS)
 * Cisco Catalyst switch architecture/feature set
 * Common configuration tools; command line interface (CLI), CNA, and Device Manager


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best of Rockwell Automation:
 * CIP interface to Integrated Architecture
 * RSLogix 5000 programming software for configuration (AOP)
 * Predefined Logix tags for diagnostics
 * FactoryTalk View HMI software faceplates for status monitoring and alarming


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best for the manufacturing environment:
 * Removable CompactFlash memory card stores configuration for easy device replacement
 * Industrial environmental ratings
 * Default configurations for industrial automation and EtherNet/IP devices (Globals and Smartports)

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection


 * Base Switches ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-RMS06T || 6 copper ports (includes 2 dual-purpose ports with SFP slots), Layer 3 switch || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/42709.jpg width="80" height="88" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-RMS06T_Stratix8300_6port_front_color" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/42709.jpg"]] ||
 * 1783-RMS10T || 10 copper ports (includes 2 dual-purpose ports with SFP slots), Layer 3 switch || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/42669.jpg width="80" height="86" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-RMS10T_Stratix8300_10port_front_color" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/42669.jpg"]] ||


 * Expansion Modules ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description || Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-MX08T || 8 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38907.jpg width="53" height="86" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MX08T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38907.jpg"]] || 1783-MX08F || 8 fiber ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38906.jpg width="52" height="85" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MX08F_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38906.jpg"]] ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

2 10/100/1000 ports || 8 10/100 ports 2 10/100/1000 ports || 8 10/100 ports || — || Spare replacement CompactFlash cards: 1783-RMCF (for 1783-RMS06T, 1783-RMS10T) || Yes || Yes || Yes || 4 dB with 50 / 125 m m multimode cable || T Two dual-purpose ports can be used for SFP or 10/100/1000 copper. ||
 * |||| Base Switches |||| Expansion Modules ||
 * || 1783-RMS06T || 1783-RMS10T || 1783-MX08T || 1783-MX08F ||
 * Ports per Module || 6 || 10 || 8 || 8 ||
 * Total Ports, Max |||||||| Up to 26 ¬ ||
 * Copper Ports || 4 10/100 ports
 * SFP Slots T |||| 2 (when SFP is used, corresponding 10/100/1000 copper is disabled) |||| — ||
 * Fiber Ports |||| 2 SFP slots support 100 Mbps and 1 G multi-mode and single-mode SFPs with LC connector || — || 8 100 Base-FX ports with LC connector ||
 * CompactFlash Memory || Yes (installed)
 * Power Requirements |||||||| 24/48V DC ||
 * Inrush Current, Max. |||||||| 2.0 A ||
 * Power Dissipation || 15.1 W || 15.7 W || 2.8 W || 10.1 W ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate || — || — || — || 100 Mbps ||
 * Fiber Optic Link Budget || — || — || — || 8 dB with 62.5 / 125 m m multimode cable
 * Fiber Optic Cable Length, Max || — || — || — || Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type || — || — || — || LC ||
 * ¬ Maximum port counts require expansion module.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Key Software Features


 * Feature || Benefit ||
 * Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) || Provides robust features compatible with the Cisco IT enterprise environment. ||
 * RSLogix 5000 AOP (Add On Profile) || Enables easy switch setup and diagnostics with Logix controllers and the Integrated Architecture. ||
 * VLAN (Virtual LAN) with trunking || Helps ease network management in the production network. ||
 * QoS (Quality of Service) || Enables prioritization of applications, users, or data flows to help provide a higher level of network predictability. ||
 * Bandwidth Threshold Alarming || Supports alarms to track network changes and detect malfunctioning devices. ||
 * STP/RSTP (Spanning Tree Protocol/Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) || Provides a resilient path between switches for applications that require a fault-tolerant network. ||
 * REP (Resilient Ethernet Protocol) || Supports ring, ring segment, or nested ring segments, providing network resiliency across switches with a rapid recovery time. ||
 * MAC ID Port Security || Enables tracking network changes from the controller through new MAC ID notifications. ||
 * DHCP per port || Supports assigning a specific IP address to each port, enabling device replacement without manually configuring IP addresses. ||
 * SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) || Provides familiar IT tools to monitor and configure network-attached devices. ||
 * CIP Sync (IEEE 1588) || Supports very high precision clock synchronization across automation devices for time-critical tasks such as accurate alarming for post-event diagnostics and precision motion. ||
 * IEEE 802.1x Security || Tracks access to network resources and helps secure the network infrastructure. ||
 * IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping and Querier || Reduces multicast traffic from intensive IP applications, such as I/O control on EtherNet/IP. ||
 * EtherChannels || Provides port trunking technology to automatically redistribute network traffic in the case of a failed link. ||
 * Smart ports || Recommended port configurations commonly used in automation network applications. Smart ports optimize a port configuration to the type of device connected. They are easily assigned and help prevent port misconfiguration. ||
 * Layer 3 Routing || Enables routing between VLANs and subnets. Supports Statix, dynamic, multicast, redundant, IPUG, and Policy -based routing and VFR-Lite vertualization. ||
 * Port Mirroring || Copies network traffic seen on one switch port to another. Typically used as a diagnostic tool. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Stratix 8000 Modular Managed Switches


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38904.jpg width="156" height="169" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MS06T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38904.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Optimized with features for both IT and manufacturing environments, the Stratix 8000™ Modular Managed Ethernet Switches are the first of their kind. The result of a joint collaboration between Cisco and Rockwell Automation, this industrial Ethernet switch line uses the current Cisco Catalyst operating system, feature set and user interface, making IT professionals feel at home. At the same time, it provides easy set-up and comprehensive diagnostic information from within the Rockwell Automation Integrated Architecture.

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Users have the benefits of CIP interface for predefined Logix tags and configuration screens in RSLogix 5000 programming software, as well as diagnostic faceplates for Rockwell Software FactoryTalk View HMI software, which is the preferred way for controls and automation professionals to integrate networked devices. Modular and industrially rated, the product line scales from 6 to 26 ports with options for copper and fiber to meet a variety of applications.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best of Cisco:
 * Secure integration with enterprise network
 * Cisco internet operating system (IOS)
 * Cisco Catalyst switch architecture/feature set
 * Common configuration tools, command line interface (CLI), CNA, and Device Manager


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best of Rockwell Automation:
 * CIP interface to Integrated Architecture
 * RSLogix 5000 programming software for configuration (AOP)
 * Predefined Logix tags for diagnostics
 * FactoryTalk View HMI software faceplates for status monitoring and alarming


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Best for the manufacturing environment:
 * Removable CompactFlash memory card stores configuration for easy device replacement
 * Industrial environmental ratings
 * Default configurations for industrial automation and EtherNet/IP devices (Globals and Smartports)

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection


 * Base Switches ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-MS06T || 6 copper ports (includes 2 dual-purpose ports with SFP slots), Layer 2 switch || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38904.jpg width="81" height="88" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MS06T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38904.jpg"]] ||
 * 1783-MS10T || 10 copper ports (includes 2 dual-purpose ports with SFP slots), Layer 2 swich || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38905.jpg width="79" height="84" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MS10T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38905.jpg"]] ||


 * Expansion Modules ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description || Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-MX08T || 8 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38907.jpg width="53" height="86" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MX08T_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38907.jpg"]] || 1783-MX08F || 8 fiber ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38906.jpg width="52" height="85" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-MX08F_Stratix8000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-small/GL/38906.jpg"]] ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

2 10/100/1000 ports || 8 10/100 ports 2 10/100/1000 ports || 8 10/100 ports || — || Spare replacement CompactFlash cards: 1783-MCF (for 1783-MS06T, 1783-MS10T) || 4 dB with 50 / 125 m m multimode cable || T Two dual-purpose ports can be used for SFP or 10/100/1000 copper. ||
 * |||| Base Switches |||| Expansion Modules ||
 * || 1783-MS06T || 1783-MS10T || 1783-MX08T || 1783-MX08F ||
 * Ports per Module || 6 || 10 || 8 || 8 ||
 * Total Ports, Max |||||||| Up to 26 ¬ ||
 * Copper Ports || 4 10/100 ports
 * SFP Slots T |||| 2 (when SFP is used, corresponding 10/100/1000 copper is disabled) |||| — ||
 * Fiber Ports |||| SFP slots support 100 Mbps and 1 G multi-mode and single-mode fiber with LC connector || — || 8 100 Base-FX ports with LC connector ||
 * CompactFlash Memory |||||||| Yes (installed)
 * Power Requirements |||||||| 24/48V DC ||
 * Inrush Current, Max. |||||||| 2.0 A ||
 * Power Dissipation || 15.1 W || 15.7 W || 2.8 W || 10.1 W ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate |||| — || — || 100 Mbps ||
 * Fiber Optic Link Budget |||| — || — || 8 dB with 62.5 / 125 m m multimode cable
 * Fiber Optic Cable Length, Max |||| — || — || Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type |||| — || — || LC ||
 * ¬ Maximum port counts require expansion module.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Key Software Features


 * Feature || Benefit ||
 * Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) || Provides robust features compatible with the Cisco IT enterprise environment. ||
 * RSLogix 5000 AOP (Add On Profile) || Enables easy switch setup and diagnostics with Logix controllers and the Integrated Architecture. ||
 * VLAN (Virtual LAN) with trunking || Helps ease network management in the production network. ||
 * QoS (Quality of Service) || Enables prioritization of applications, users, or data flows to help provide a higher level of network predictability. ||
 * Bandwidth Threshold Alarming || Supports alarms to track network changes and detect malfunctioning devices. ||
 * STP/RSTP (Spanning Tree Protocol/Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) || Provides a resilient path between switches for applications that require a fault-tolerant network. ||
 * REP (Resilient Ethernet Protocol) || Supports ring, ring segment, or nested ring segments, providing network resiliency across switches with a rapid recovery time. ||
 * MAC ID Port Security || Enables tracking network changes from the controller through new MAC ID notifications. ||
 * DHCP per port || Supports assigning a specific IP address to each port, enabling device replacement without manually configuring IP addresses. ||
 * SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) || Provides familiar IT tools to monitor and configure network-attached devices. ||
 * CIP Sync (IEEE 1588) || Supports very high precision clock synchronization across automation devices for time-critical tasks such as accurate alarming for post-event diagnostics and precision motion. ||
 * IEEE 802.1x Security || Tracks access to network resources and helps secure the network infrastructure. ||
 * IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping and Querier || Reduces multicast traffic from intensive IP applications, such as I/O control on EtherNet/IP. ||
 * EtherChannels || Provides port trunking technology to automatically redistribute network traffic in the case of a failed link. ||
 * Smart ports || Recommended port configurations commonly used in automation network applications. Smart ports optimize a port configuration to the type of device connected. They are easily assigned and help prevent port misconfiguration. ||
 * Port Mirroring || Copies network traffic seen on one switch port to another. Typically used as a diagnostic tool. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Stratix 6000 Fixed Managed Switches


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783_Stratix6000_4C.jpg width="80" height="158" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783_Stratix6000_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783_Stratix6000_4C.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">With simple setup and default configurations for EtherNet/IP, the Stratix 6000 line of fixed managed switches is designed to help ease deployment of the Ethernet network on the plant floor. Ideal for the controls environment, Stratix 6000 switches offer CIP tags and configuration screens in RSLogix 5000 programming software. Diagnostic faceplates for FactoryTalk View HMI software, which is the preferred way for controls and automation professionals to integrate networked devices, are also available. Switch options include a four-port copper or eight-port copper with an option for fiber uplink to higher level networks.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Integration into the Integrated Architecture with CIP
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Web-based configuration utility
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">CIP Interface to Integrated Architectures
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">RSLogix 5000 programming software for configuration (AOP)
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Predefined Logix tags for diagnostics
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">FactoryTalk View HMI faceplates for status montioring and alarming

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection

1 fiber SFP slot || ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-EMS04T || 4 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38908.jpg width="49" height="106" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-EMS04T_Stratix6000_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38908.jpg"]] ||
 * 1783-EMS08T || 8 copper ports

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

Class 2/SELV 100 mA at 24V DC || 12…48V DC Class 2/SELV 250 mA at 24V DC ||
 * || 1783-EMS04T || 1783-EMS08T ||
 * Ports per Module || 4 || (9) 8 +1 SFP slot ||
 * Copper Ports || 4 10/100 full/half duplex || 8 10/100 full/half duplex ||
 * Fiber Ports || — || supports 1 G fiber SFP ||
 * SFP Slots || — || 1 ||
 * CompactFlash Memory |||| No ||
 * Power Requirements || 12…48V DC
 * Inrush Current, Max. |||| 2.2 A ||
 * Power Dissipation || 2.6 W @ 60 °C (140 °F) max || 5.8 W @ 60 °C (140 °F) max ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate || — || 1000 Mbps ¬ ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type || — || LC ¬ ||
 * ¬ Available with optional SFP module. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Key Software Features


 * Feature || Benefit ||
 * RSLogix 5000 AOP (Add On Profile) || Enables easy switch setup and diagnostics with Logix controllers and the Integrated Architecture. ||
 * VLAN (Virtual LAN) with trunking || Helps ease network management in the production network. ||
 * QoS (Quality of Service) || Enables prioritization of applications, users, or data flows to help provide a higher level of network predictability. ||
 * Bandwidth Threshold Alarming || Supports alarms to track network changes and detect malfunctioning devices. ||
 * MAC ID Port Security || Enables tracking network changes from the controller through new MAC ID notifications. ||
 * DHCP per port || Supports assigning a specific IP address to each port, enabling device replacement without manually configuring IP addresses. ||
 * IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping and Querier || Reduces multicast traffic from intensive IP applications, such as I/O control on EtherNet/IP. ||
 * Port Mirroring || Copies network traffic seen on one switch port to another. Typically used as a diagnostic tool. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Stratix 2000 Unmanaged Switches


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C.jpg width="162" height="174" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-US06T0IF_Stratix2000_6Port_4C.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stratix 2000™ industrial-grade unmanaged switches require no configuration, which helps you set up and install your switch quickly. The Stratix 2000 line has flexible power requirements and can be used with AC or DC power. The switches connect easily with Logix controllers and have features to autonegotiate for speed and duplex per port. Stratix 2000 switches are ideal for small, isolated networks.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Easy to start up and use
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Multiple port count and fiber options available
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">AC or DC power
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Autonegotiates speed & duplex setting
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Automatic cable cross over detection

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection

1 fiber port || || 1 fiber port || ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-US03T01F || 3 copper ports
 * 1783-US05T || 5 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38901.jpg width="27" height="110" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-US05T_Stratix2000_5port_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38901.jpg"]] ||
 * 1783-US06T01F || 6 copper ports
 * 1783-US08T || 8 copper ports || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38903.jpg width="55" height="125" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-US08T_Stratix2000_8port_front4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/38903.jpg"]] ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

4 dB with 50 / 125 m m multimode cable || — || 8 dB with 62.5 / 125 m m multimode cable 4 dB with 50 / 125 m m multimode cable || — ||
 * || 1783-US03T01F || 1783-US05T || 1783-US06T01F || 1783-US08T ||
 * Ports per Module || 4 || 5 || 7 || 8 ||
 * Copper Ports || 3 || 5 || 6 || 8 ||
 * Fiber Ports || 1 || — || 1 || — ||
 * Power Requirements |||||||| 24V DC (10…35V DC) ||
 * Current Consumption, Max. |||||||| 400 mA @ 10V DC ||
 * Power Consumption, Max. |||||||| 4 W (6 VA) ||
 * Inrush Current, Max. |||||||| 2.2 A ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate || 100 Mbps || — || 100 Mbps || — ||
 * Fiber Optic Link Budget || 8 dB with 62.5 / 125 m m multimode cable
 * Fiber Optic Cable Length, Max || Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m || — || Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m || — ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type |||||||| LC ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Embedded Switch Technology


 * || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-ETAP-1.jpg width="53" height="172" caption="Click to enlarge - 1783-ETAP-1" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/1783-ETAP-1.jpg"]] ||  ||

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Embedded Switch Technology embeds popular switch features directly into your hardware to support high performance applications, without the need for additional configuration. This technology enables linear and device-level ring topologies for EtherNet/IP applications.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Features


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Optimized for EtherNet/IP I/O and motion applications
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Supports IEEE 1588 precision time protocol (PTP) for precise time synchronization and Quality of Service (QoS) to help prioritize data transmission
 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Typical recovery rate for a 50-node device-level ring is less than 3 ms
 * Fast recovery rate makes failures appear transparent to most devices on the network
 * Machines often continue operations without any system interruptions


 * <span style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Open standard technology available to 3rd party vendors allows EtherNet/IP interoperability


 * [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41249.jpg width="323" height="221" caption="Click to enlarge - DeviceLevelRing-CMYK" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41249.jpg"]] || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41299.jpg width="415" height="244" caption="Click to enlarge - Linear topology" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41299.jpg"]] ||
 * <span class="imagecaption1" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;">Embedded switch technology products from Rockwell Automation support additional EtherNet/IP topology options, such as device-level ring and linear, for your application. ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Product Selection

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">The 1783-ETAP modules enable single port devices to connect to a ring or linear topology.

3 copper ports || || 2 copper ports, 1 fiber port ||^  || 1 copper port, 2 fiber ports ||^  ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1783-ETAP || EtherNet/IP Tap
 * 1783-ETAP1F || EtherNet/IP Tap
 * 1783-ETAP2F || EtherNet/IP Tap

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

<span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;">See the [|Accessories] <span class="bodytext1" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> tab for information on SFP transceivers and Ethernet cables.

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Technical Specifications

9.3 dB for 50/125 m m multimode fiber ||
 * || 1783-ETAP || 1783-ETAP1F || 1783-ETAP2F ||
 * Ports per Module || 3 || 3 ||  ||
 * Copper Ports || 3 10/100 Mbps, full or half duplex || 2 10/100 Mbps, full or half duplex || 1 10/100 Mbps, full or half duplex ||
 * Fiber Ports || — || 1 100 Base-FX port multimode, with LC connector || 2 100 Base-FX port multimode, with LC connector ||
 * CompactFlash Memory |||||| No ||
 * Power Requirements |||||| 24V DC (20.4…27.6V DC) ||
 * Current Consumption, Max. || 125 mA @ 24V DC || 200 mA @ 24V DC || 260 mA @ 24V DC ||
 * Power Consumption, Max. || 3 W || 4.8 W || 6.24 W ||
 * Fiber Optic Ethernet Data Rate || — |||| 100 Mbps ||
 * Fiber Optic Link Budget || — |||| 12.8 dB for 62.5/125 m m multimode fiber
 * Fiber Optic Cable Length, Max || — |||| Graded index multimode fiber; 2000 m ||
 * Fiber Optic Connector Type || — |||| LC ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Key Software Features


 * Feature || Benefit ||
 * RSLogix 5000 AOP (Add On Profile) || Enables easy switch setup and diagnostics with Logix controllers and the Integrated Architecture ||
 * VLAN (Virtual LAN) with trunking || Helps ease network management in the production network ||
 * QoS (Quality of Service) || Enables prioritization of applications, users, or data flows to help provide a higher level of network predictability ||
 * Bandwidth Threshold Alarming || Supports alarms to track network changes and detect malfunctioning devices ||
 * STP/RSTP (Spanning Tree Protocol/Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol) || Provides a resilient path between switches for applications that require a fault-tolerant network ||
 * DLR (Device-level Ring) || Supports a resilient ring network at the device level without external switching hardware, providing fast recovery rates for real-time control applications ||
 * CIP Sync (IEEE 1588) || Supports very high precision clock synchronization across automation devices for time-critical tasks such as accurate alarming for post-event diagnostics and precision motion ||
 * IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Snooping and Querier || Reduces multicast traffic from intensive IP applications, such as I/O control on EtherNet/IP ||

<span class="heading4italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',arial,helvetica,geneva,'san serif'; font-size: 15px;">Additional Products with Embedded Switch Technology


 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * [|1756-EN2TR] || ControlLogix 2-Port EtherNet/IP Communication Module || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41359.jpg width="38" height="106" caption="Click to enlarge - 1756-EN2T_small" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41359.jpg"]] ||
 * [|1734-AENTR] || POINT I/O 2-Port EtherNet/IP Adapter || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41109.jpg width="89" height="112" caption="Click to enlarge - 1734-AENTR 10-07_1C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41109.jpg"]] ||
 * [|1738-AENTR] || ArmorPoint I/O 2-Port EtherNet/IP Adapter || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41110.jpg width="89" height="112" caption="Click to enlarge - 1738-AENTR10-07_1C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/41110.jpg"]] ||

<span class="heading3italic" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'trebuchet ms',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Accessories

62.5/125 || 500 || 2 km (6562 ft) || Stratix 8000/8300 || 62.5/125 50/125  50/125 || 160  200  400  500 || 220 m (722 ft) 275 m (902 ft) 500 m (1640 ft) 550 m (1804 ft) || Stratix 8000/8300 Stratix 6000 || Stratix 6000 ||
 * SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) Transceivers ||
 * Cat. No. || Description || Wavelength || Fiber Type || Core Size/Cladding Size (micron) || Modal Bandwidth (MHz/km) ¬ || Cable Length || Compatible With ||
 * 1783-SFP100FX || 100Base-FX Multi-mode Fiber SFP || 1310 nm || MMF || 50/125
 * 1783-SFP100LX || 100Base-LX Single-mode Fiber SFP || 1310 nm || SMF || G.652 || — || 10 km (32.81 ft) || Stratix 8000/8300 ||
 * 1783-SFP1GSX || 1000Base-SX Multi-mode Fiber Transceiver || 850 nm || MMF || 62.5/125
 * 1783-SFP1GLX || 1000Base-LX/LH Single-mode Fiber SFP || 1310 nm || SMF || G.652 || — || 10 km (32.81 ft) || Stratix 8000/8300
 * ¬ Modal bandwidth applies only to multi-mode fiber. ||

T Replace 100 (100 m) with 300 (300 m) or 600 (600 m) for additional standard cable lengths. ||
 * Ethernet Cable ||
 * Cat. No. |||| Description ||
 * 1585J-M8PBJM-2 ¬ || RJ45 to RJ45 patchcord || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/35225.jpg width="103" height="83" caption="Click to enlarge - 1585J-M4_Product_4C" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/35225.jpg"]] ||
 * 1585-C8PB-S100 T || Ethernet cable spool || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/37698.jpg width="177" height="57" caption="Click to enlarge - Ethernet cable spool" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/37698.jpg"]] ||
 * 1585J-M8CC-H || Field attachable connector, IDC || [[image:http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42367.jpg width="172" height="74" caption="Click to enlarge - 1858J-M8CC-H Product" link="http://epub1.rockwellautomation.com/images/web-proof-large/GL/42367.jpg"]] ||
 * ¬ Replace -2 (2 m) with 5 (5 m) or 10 (10 m) for additional standard cable lengths.

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The "photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process through which a PV cell converts sunlight into electricity. Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or absorbed, or they may pass right through. Only the absorbed photons generate electricity. When this happens, the energy of the photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the cell (which is actually a semiconductor). With its newfound energy, the electron is able to escape from its normal position associated with that atom to become part of the current in an electrical circuit. By leaving this position, the electron causes a "hole" to form. Special electrical properties of the PV cell—a built-in electric field—provide the voltage needed to drive the current through an external load (such as a light bulb). ** p-Types, n-Types, and the Electric Field ** To induce the electric field within a PV cell, two separate semiconductors are sandwiched together. The "p" and "n" types of semiconductors correspond to "positive" and "negative" because of their abundance of holes or electrons (the extra electrons make an "n" type because an electron actually has a negative charge). <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: inherit;">Although both materials are electrically neutral, n-type silicon has excess electrons and p-type silicon has excess holes. Sandwiching these together creates a p/n junction at their interface, thereby creating an electric field. When the p-type and n-type semiconductors are sandwiched together, the excess electrons in the n-type material flow to the p-type, and the holes thereby vacated during this process flow to the n-type. (The concept of a hole moving is somewhat like looking at a bubble in a liquid. Although it's the liquid that is actually moving, it's easier to describe the motion of the bubble as it moves in the opposite direction.) Through this electron and hole flow, the two semiconductors act as a battery, creating an electric field at the surface where they meet (known as the "junction"). It's this field that causes the electrons to jump from the semiconductor out toward the surface and make them available for the electrical circuit. At this same time, the holes move in the opposite direction, toward the positive surface, where they await incoming electrons.

Making n and p Material
The most common way of making p-type or n-type silicon material is to add an element that has an extra electron or is lacking an electron. In silicon, we use a process called "doping." We'll use silicon as an example because crystalline silicon was the semiconductor material used in the earliest successful PV devices, it's still the most widely used PV material, and, although other PV materials and designs exploit the PV effect in slightly different ways, knowing how the effect works in crystalline silicon gives us a basic understanding of how it works in all devices.
 * __ [|An Atomic Description of Silicon - The Silicon Molecule] __
 * __ [|Introducing Phosphorous - Boron - Other Semiconductor Materials] __

Absorption and Conduction
In a PV cell, photons are absorbed in the p layer. It's very important to "tune" this layer to the properties of the incoming photons to absorb as many as possible and thereby free as many electrons as possible. Another challenge is to keep the electrons from meeting up with holes and "recombining" with them before they can escape the cell. To do this, we design the material so that the electrons are freed as close to the junction as possible, so that the electric field can help send them through the "conduction" layer (the n layer) and out into the electric circuit. By maximizing all these characteristics, we improve the conversion efficiency* of the PV cell.  To make an efficient solar cell, we try to maximize absorption, minimize reflection and recombination, and thereby maximize conduction. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; text-decoration: inherit;">*The conversion efficiency of a PV cell is the proportion of sunlight energy that the cell converts to electrical energy. This is very important when discussing PV devices, because improving this efficiency is vital to making PV energy competitive with more traditional sources of energy (e.g., fossil fuels). Naturally, if one efficient solar panel can provide as much energy as two less-efficient panels, then the cost of that energy (not to mention the space required) will be reduced. For comparison, the earliest PV devices converted about 1%-2% of sunlight energy into electric energy. Today's PV devices convert 7%-17% of light energy into electric energy. Of course, the other side of the equation is the money it costs to manufacture the PV devices. This has been improved over the years as well. In fact, today's PV systems produce electricity at a fraction of the cost of early PV systems.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">" 태양광 효과"PV 세포가 전기에 태양빛을 변환하는 통하여 기본적인 신체 과정입니다.햇빛은 광자, 또는 태양 에너지의 입자로 구성되어 있습니다. 이러한 광자가 태양 스펙트럼의 다른 파장에 해당하는 에너지의 다양한 양의 포함되어 있습니다. 광자는 PV 셀을 공격하면, 그들은 반사하거나 흡수, 또는 그들은 통과 될 수 있습니다. 오직 흡수된 광자는 전기를 생성합니다. 이러한 현상이 발생하면, 광자의 에너지는 세포 (실제로 반도체되는)의 원자에서 전자로 전송됩니다. 자사의 새로운 에너지, 전자는 전기 회로에서 전류의 일부가 해당 원자와 관련된 정상적인 위치에서 벗어날 수 있습니다. 이 자리를 떠날함으로써, 전자는 양식에 "구멍"가 발생합니다. 특별 전기적 특성 PV 셀 - 내장된 전기 외부 부하 (예 : 전구 등)를 통해 전류를 드라이브에 필요한 전압을 현장 제공합니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">P 타입, N 타입, 그리고 전기장

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">PV 셀 내의 전기장을 유발하기 위해서, 두 개의 반도체 함께 끼워 넣으면됩니다. "P"와 반도체의 "N"형식 때문에 구멍이나 전자 (전자가 실제로 부정적인 요금을 가지고 있기 때문에 여분의 전자가 "N"유형을 만든다) 그들의 풍요의 "긍정"와 "부정"에 일치합니다. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">두 물질은 전기 중성이지만, N - 타입 실리콘 초과 전자를 가지고 있으며 P - 타입 실리콘 초과 구멍이 있습니다. 함께 이들을 Sandwiching하면이를 전기장을 만들고, 그들의 인터페이스에서 AP / N 연결을 만듭니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">P - 타입과 n 형 반도체를 서로 끼워 넣으면 경우, P - 타입에 N - 타입 물질의 흐름, 그리고 따라서 n 형이 프로세스 흐름 동안 비워 구멍에 과다한 전자. (구멍 이동의 개념은 액체의 거품 보는 것처럼 다소있다. 그것이 실제로 움직이고있는 액체이지만, 그것은 반대 방향으로 움직이면서 거품의 움직임을 설명하기는 점점 쉬워 져요.)이 전자와 구멍 흐름, 두 개의 반도체들은 (이하 "연결"로 알려진)을 만족 표면에서 전기장을 만들고, 배터리로 작동. 그것은 전자가 표면을 향해 밖으로 반도체에서 점프하고 전기 회로에 대한 그들 사용할 수 있도록 원인이 분야입니다. 이 동시에 구멍들이 들어오는 전자를 기다리고 긍정적인 표면, 방향, 반대 방향으로 이동합니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">N과 P 재료 만들기

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">P 형 또는 N - 타입 실리콘 물질을 만드는 가장 일반적인 방법은 여분의 전자를 가지고 또는 전자를 부족한 요소를 추가하는 것입니다. 실리콘, 우리는라는 프로세스를 사용 "도핑을." <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">다 른 PV 소재 및 디자인이 알고, 약간 다른 방식으로 PV 효과를 이용하지만 결정 실리콘은 최초의 성공적인 PV 장치에 사용되는 반도체 재료했기 때문에 우리는 예를 들어 실리콘을 사용하는 겁니다, 그것은 여전히​​ 가장 널리 사용되는 PV 소재, 그리고 효과가 결정 실리콘에서 작동하는 방법 우리는 모든 장치에서 작동하는 방법의 기본적인 이해를 제공합니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">실리콘의 원자 설명 - 실리콘 분자 <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">보론 - - 기타 반도체 재료 인 소개 <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">흡수 및 열전도

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">PV 전지에서 광자가 P 층에 흡수됩니다. 그것은 가능한 한 많이 그리고 가능한 많은 전자로함으로써 자유를 흡수하기 위해 들어오는 광자의 속성이 레이어를 '조정'하는 것은 매우 중요합니다. 또 다른 문제는 구멍이와 회의 및 그들이 세포를 탈출하기 전에 그들과 함께 "recombining"에서 전자를 유지하는 것입니다. 이렇게하려면, 우리는 전기장은 전기 회로에 '전도'레이어 (N 층)과 밖을 통해 보낼 수 있습니다 있도록 전자가 가능한 교차로에 가까운 해제되도록 자료를 설계. 이러한 모든 특성을 극대화하여, 우리는 PV 셀의 변환 효율 *을 향상시킵니다.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">효율적인 태양 전지를 만들기 위해선, 우리는 흡수를 극대화하려고, 반사 및 재조합을 최소화하고, 따라서 전도를 극대화할 수 있습니다. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">* PV 전지의 변환 효율은 세포가 전기 에너지로 변환되는 태양광 에너지의 비율이다. PV 장치를 토론 때이 효율성을 향상시키는 것은 에너지의 더 전통적인 소스 (예 : 화석 연료)와 경쟁 PV 에너지를 만들기 위해 중요하기 때문에 이것은 매우 중요합니다. 한 효율적인 태양 전지 패널에 두 개의 덜 효율적인 패널만큼 에너지를 제공할 수있다면 당연히, 그런 다음 에너지 비용 (공간이 필요 언급하지 않기 위하여)이 감소됩니다. 비교 들어, 최초의 PV 장치는 전기 에너지로 약 1 %에게 태양광 에너지의 -2 %를 변환. 오늘의 PV 장치는 7 % 증가 전기 에너지로 빛 에너지의 -17 %를 변환합니다. 물론, 방정식의 반대편은 PV 장치를 제조 비용을 돈을입니다. 이뿐만 아니라 지난 몇 년 동안 개선되었습니다. <span style="background-color: #ebeff9; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">사실, 오늘날의 PV 시스템은 초기 PV 시스템의 비용의 일부에 전기를 생산하고 있습니다

<span style="background-color: #ebeff9; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">光伏效应”是一个太阳能电池将太阳光转化为电能的基本物理过程. <span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">阳 光是由光子或粒子太阳能. 这些光子含有的能量相应的太阳光谱的不同波长的各种款项. 当光子撞击一个太阳能电池，他们可能会被反射或吸收，或他们可能会直接 通过. 只有吸收的光子产生电力. 发生这种情况时，光子的能量被转移到一个细胞的原子（这实际上是一种半导体）的电子. 随着其新能源，电子能够摆脱其正常位 置与该原子成为电路中的电流的一部分. 电子离开这个位置，原因形成的一个“洞”. 特殊的电气性能的光伏电池，内建电场提供所需的驱动电流通过外部负载（如 灯泡）电压.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">P -类型，N -类型，电场

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">要诱导一个光伏电池内的电场，两个独立的半导体夹着在一起. “P”和“N”类型的半导体，“积极”和“负”，因为他们的孔或电子（额外的电子“N”型，因为电子实际上有一个带负电荷）的丰度.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">虽然这两种材料是电中性的，N型硅有多余的电子，P型硅中有多余的孔. 夹这些结合起来，在它们的接口创建AP / n结，从而建立一个电场.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">当 p型和n型半导体夹在一起，在p型，N型物质流，从而在此过程中流动腾空N型的孔，多余的电子. （一个洞移动的概念是有点像在液体中的气泡虽然它的的液体，是实际上移动，它的更容易来描述泡沫的运动相反的方向移动. ）通过这个电子和孔流，两个半导体 作为一个电池，在表面，他们遇见（被称为“交界处”）创建一个电场. 它的这一领域，导致电子从半导体跳向表面，使他们的电路可用. 在此同时，孔向相反的方 向移动，朝着积极的表面，在那里等待传入电子.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">使N和P物质

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">p型或n型硅材料，最常用的方法是添加一个元素，有一个额外的电子，或者是缺乏一个电子. 在硅中，我们使用这个过程被称为“兴奋剂”.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">我们将使用硅作为一个例子，因为晶体硅是最早的成功的光伏设备中使用的半导体材料，它仍然是使用最广泛的光伏材料，虽然其他光伏材料和设计在略微不同的方式利用光伏效应，明知如何影响晶体硅的作品为我们提供了一个基本的了解它是如何在所有设备工程.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">硅原子的描述 - 硅分子

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">磷 - 硼 - 其它半导体材料简介

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">吸收和传导

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">在 光伏电池中，光子被吸收在P层. 这是非常重要的，“调整”这层传入的光子的属性，以吸收尽可能多的，从而尽可能多的电子. 另一个挑战是保持电子与孔会议和 “重组”，他们才可以逃脱细胞. 要做到这一点，我们在设计中解脱出来，使电子尽可能接近交界材料，使电场可以帮助他们通过“传导”层（N层）和成电路发 送. 通过最大限度地利用所有这些特征，我们提高光伏电池的转换效率*.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">为了使高效太阳能电池，我们尝试最大限度地吸收，最大限度地减少反射和重组，从而最大限度地传导.

<span style="background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #333333; display: block; font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start; text-decoration: inherit;">* 一个太阳能电池的转换效率是太阳光的能量，细胞转换为电能的比重. 这是非常重要的讨论光伏设备时，因为提高这个效率是非常重要的光伏能源与传统能源的来源 （例如，化石燃料）竞争. 当然，如果一个高效率的太阳能电池板可以提供两个低效率的面板一样多的能量，然后，能源成本（更不用提所需的空间）将降低. 相比 较而言，最​​早的光伏设备转换成电能约1％-2％的太阳光的能量. 今天的光伏设备转换为7％-17％的光能为电能. 当然，等式的另一边是它的成本生产光 伏设备的钱. 这已得到改进，以及多年来. 事实上，今天的光伏系统产生的电力在早期的光伏发电系统的成本的一小部分.

__Describing Photovoltaic Module Performance__. To insure compatibility with storage batteries or loads, it is necessary to know the electrical characteristics of photovoltaic modules. As a reminder, "I" is the abbreviation for current, expressed in amps. "V" is used for voltage in volts, and "R" is used for resistance in ohms. A photovoltaic module will produce its maximum current when there is essentially no resistance in the circuit. This would be a short circuit between its positive and negative terminals. This maximum current is called the short circuit current, abbreviated I(sc). When the module is shorted, the voltage in the circuit is zero. Conversely, the maximum voltage is produced when there is a break in the circuit. This is called the open circuit voltage, abbreviated V(oc). Under this condition the resistance is infinitely high and there is no current, since the circuit is incomplete. These two extremes in load resistance, and the whole range of conditions in between them, are depicted on a graph called a I-V (current-voltage) curve. Current, expressed in amps, is on the vertical Y-axis. Voltage, in volts, is on the horizontal X-axis (Figure 2-16).

|| Figure 2-16

A Typical Current-Voltage Curve
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-16.gif width="416" height="302" align="center" caption="figure2-16.gif (11869 bytes)"]] ||

|| || As you can see in Figure 2-16, the short circuit current occurs on a point on the curve where the voltage is zero. The open circuit voltage occurs where the current is zero.

The power available from a photovoltaic module at any point along the curve is expressed in watts. Watts are calculated by multiplying the voltage times the current (watts = volts x amps, or W = VA).

At the short circuit current point, the power output is zero, since the voltage is zero.

At the open circuit voltage point, the power output is also zero, but this time it is because the current is zero.

There is a point on the "knee" of the curve where the maximum power output is located. This point on our example curve is where the voltage is 17 volts, and the current is 2.5 amps. Therefore the maximum power in watts is 17 volts times 2.5 amps, equaling 42.5 watts.

The power, expressed in watts, at the maximum power point is described as peak, maximum, or ideal, among other terms. Maximum power is generally abbreviated as "I (mp)." Various manufacturers call it maximum output power, output, peak power, rated power, or other terms.

The current-voltage (I-V) curve is based on the module being under standard conditions of sunlight and module temperature. It assumes there is no shading on the module.

Standard sunlight conditions on a clear day are assumed to be 1000 watts of solar energy per square meter (1000 W/m2or lkW/m2). This is sometimes called "one sun," or a "peak sun." Less than one sun will reduce the current output of the module by a proportional amount. For example, if only one-half sun (500 W/m2) is available, the amount of output current is roughly cut in half (Figure 2-17).

||

|| Figure 2-17

A Typical Current-Voltage Curve at One Sun and One-half Sun
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-17.gif width="400" height="305" align="center" caption="figure2-17.gif (9598 bytes)"]] ||

|| || For maximum output, the face of the photovoltaic modules should be pointed as straight toward the sun as possible. Section 2.3.5 contains information on determining the correct direction and module tilt angle for various locations and applications.

Because photovoltaic cells are electrical semiconductors, partial shading of the module will cause the shaded cells to heat up. They are now acting as inefficient conductors instead of electrical generators. Partial shading may ruin shaded cells.

Partial module shading has a serious effect on module power output. For a typical module, completely shading only one cell can reduce the module output by as much as 80% (Figure 2-18). One or more damaged cells in a module can have the same effect as shading.

||

|| Figure 2-18

A Typical Current-Voltage Curve for an Unshaded Module and for a Module with One Shaded Cell
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-18.gif width="400" height="299" align="center" caption="figure2-18.gif (8499 bytes)"]] ||

|| || This is why modules should be completely unshaded during operation. A shadow across a module can almost stop electricity production. Thin film modules are not as affected by this problem, but they should still be unshaded.

Module temperature affects the output voltage inversely. Higher module temperatures will reduce the voltage by 0.04 to 0.1 volts for every one Celsius degree rise in temperature (0.04V/0C to 0.1V/0C). In Fahrenheit degrees, the voltage loss is from 0.022 to 0.056 volts per degree of temperature rise (Figure 2-19).

This is why modules should not be installed flush against a surface. Air should be allowed to circulate behind the back of each module so it's temperature does not rise and reducing its output. An air space of 4-6 inches is usually required to provide proper ventilation.

||

|| Figure 2-19

A Typical Current-Voltage Curve for a Module at 25°C (77°F) and 85°C (185°F)
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-19.gif width="400" height="286" align="center" caption="figure2-19.gif (8287 bytes)"]] ||

|| || The last significant factor which determines the power output of a module is the resistance of the system to which it is connected. If the module is charging a battery, it must supply a higher voltage than that of the battery.

If the battery is deeply discharged, the battery voltage is fairly low. The photovoltaic module can charge the battery with a low voltage, shown as point #1 in Figure 2-20. As the battery reaches a full charge, the module is forced to deliver a higher voltage, shown as point #2. The battery voltage drives module voltage.

||

|| Figure 2-20:

Operating Voltages During a Battery Charging Cycle
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-20.gif width="400" height="290" align="center" caption="figure2-20.gif (9866 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Eventually, the required voltage is higher than the voltage at the module's maximum power point. At this operating point, the current production is lower than the current at the maximum power point. The module's power output is also lower.

To a lesser degree, when the operating voltage is lower than that of the maximum power point (point #1), the output power is lower than the maximum. Since the ability of the module to produce electricity is not being completely used whenever it is operating at a point fairly far from the maximum power point, photovoltaic modules should be carefully matched to the system load and storage.

Using a module with a maximum voltage which is too high should be avoided nearly as much as using one with a maximum voltage which is too low.

The output voltage of a module depends on the number of cells connected in series. Typical modules use either 30, 32, 33, 36, or 44 cells wired in series.

The modules with 30-32 cells are considered self regulating modules. 36 cell modules are the most common in the photovoltaic industry. Their slightly higher voltage rating, 16.7 volts, allows the modules to overcome the reduction in output voltage when the modules are operating at high temperatures.

Modules with 33 - 36 cells also have enough surplus voltage to effectively charge high antimony content deep cycle batteries. However, since these modules can overcharge batteries, they usually require a charge controller.

Finally, 44 cell modules are available with a rated output voltage of 20.3 volts. These modules are typically used only when a substantially higher voltage is required.

As an example, if the module is sometimes forced to operate at high temperatures, it can still supply enough voltage to charge 1 2 volt batteries.

Another application for 44 cell modules is a system with an extremely long wire run between the modules and the batteries or load. If the wire is not large enough, it will cause a significant voltage drop. Higher module voltage can overcome this problem.

It should be noted that this approach is similar to putting a larger engine in a car with locked brakes to make it move faster. It is almost always more cost effective to use an adequate wire size, rather than to overcome voltage drop problems with more costly 44 cell modules.

Section 2.5.5 discusses maximum power point trackers. These devices are used to bring the module to a point as close as possible to the maximum power point. They are used mostly in direct DC systems, particularly with DC motors for pumping.

||

|| 2.3.4  When modules are connected in parallel, the current increases. For example, three modules which produce 15 volts and 3 amps each, connected in parallel, will produce 15 volts and 9 amps (Figure 2-21). ||
 * __Photovoltaic Arrays__. In many applications the power available from one module is inadequate for the load. Individual modules can be connected in series, parallel, or both to increase either output voltage or current. This also increases the output power.

|| Figure 2-21:

Three Modules Connected in Parallel
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-21.gif width="450" height="257" align="center" caption="figure2-21.gif (34230 bytes)"]] ||

|| || If the system includes a battery storage system, a reverse flow of current from the batteries through the photovoltaic array can occur at night. This flow will drain power from the batteries.

A diode is used to stop this reverse current flow. Diodes are electrical devices which only allow current to flow in one direction (Figure 2-22). A __blocking__ diode is shown in the array in Figure 2-23.

Diodes with the least amount of voltage drop are called schottky diodes, typically dropping .3 volts instead of .7 volts as in silicon diodes.

||

|| Figure 2-22:

Basic Operation of a Diode
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-22.gif width="400" height="259" align="center" caption="figure2-22.gif (8441 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Because diodes create a voltage drop, some systems use a controller which opens the circuit instead of using a blocking diode.

If the same three modules are connected in series, the output voltage will be 45 volts, and the current will be 3 amps.

If one module in a series string fails, it provides so much resistance that other modules in the string may not be able to operate either. A bypass path around the disabled module will eliminate this problem (Figure 2-23). The bypass diode allows the current from the other modules to flow through in the "right" direction.

Many modules are supplied with a bypass diode right at their electrical terminals. Larger modules may consist of three groups of cells, each with its own bypass diode.

Built in bypass diodes are usually adequate unless the series string produces 48 volts or higher, or serious shading occurs regularly.

Combinations of series and parallel connections are also used in arrays (Figure 2-24). If parallel groups of modules are connected in a series string, large bypass diodes are usually required.

||

|| Figure 2-23:

Three Modules Connected in Series with a Blocking Diode and Bypass Diodes
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-23.gif width="326" height="485" align="center" caption="figure2-23.gif (28172 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Isolation diodes are used to prevent the power from the rest of an array from flowing through a damaged series string of modules. They operate like a blocking diode. They are normally required when the array produces 48 volts or more. If isolation diodes are used on every series string, a blocking diode is normally not required.

||

|| Figure 2-24:

Twelve Modules in a Parallel-Series Array with Bypass Diodes and Isolation Diodes
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-24.gif width="445" height="384" align="center" caption="figure2-24.gif (62745 bytes)"]] ||

|| || __ Flat-plate stationary arrays __

Stationary arrays are the most common. Some allow adjustments in their tilt angle from the horizontal. These changes can be made any number of times throughout the year, although they are normally changed only twice a year. The modules in the array do not move throughout the day (Figure 2-25).

||

|| Figure 2-25:

Adjustable Array Tilted for Summer and Winter Solar Angles
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-25.gif width="278" height="439" align="center" caption="figure2-25.gif (13954 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Although a stationary array does not capture as much energy as a tracking array that follows the sun across the sky, and more modules may be required, there are no moving parts to fail. This reliability is why a stationary array is often used for remote or dangerous locations. Section 2.3.5 contains information on determining the correct tilt angle and orientation for different photovoltaic applications.

**__Portable arrays__**

A portable array may be as small as a one square foot module easily carried by one person to recharge batteries for communications or flashlights. They can be mounted on vehicles to maintain the engine battery during long periods of inactivity. Larger ones can be installed on trailers or truck beds to provide a portable power supply for field operations (Figures 2-26 and 2-27)

||

|| Figure 2-26:

Personal Photovoltaic Array

Photo Courtesy of Arco Solar, Inc. Portable Power Supply Photo Courtesy of Integrated Power Corp || ||
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-26.gif width="383" height="147" align="center" caption="figure2-26.gif (23291 bytes)"]] ||
 * Figure 2-27

|| || **__ Tracking arrays __**

Arrays that track, or follow the sun across the sky, can follow the sun in one axis or in two (Figure 2-28). Tracking arrays perform best in areas with very clear climates. This is because following the sun yields significantly greater amounts of energy when the sun's energy is predominantly direct. Direct radiation comes straight from the sun, rather than the entire sky.

Normally, one axis trackers follow the sun from the east to the west throughout the day. The angle between the modules and the ground does not change. The modules face in the "compass" direction of the sun, but may not point exactly up at the sun at all times.

Two axis trackers change both their east-west direction and the angle from the ground during the day. The modules face straight at the sun all through the day. Two axis trackers are considerably more complicated than one axis types.

||

||

|| One Axis and Two Axis Tracking Arrays ||
 * Figure 2-28

|| || Three basic tracking methods are used. The first uses simple motor, gear, and chain systems to move the array. The system is designed to mechanically point the modules in the direction the sun should be. No

sensors or devices actually confirm that the modules are facing the right way.

The second method uses photovoltaic cells as sensors to orient the larger modules in the array. This can be done by placing a cell on each side of a small divider, and mounting the package so it is facing the same way as the modules (Figure 2-29).

||

|| FIGURE 2-29

Photovoltaic Cells

Used as Solar

Orientation Sensor
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-29.gif width="253" height="199" align="center" caption="figure2-29.gif (14025 bytes)"]] ||

|| || An electronic device constantly compares the small current flow from both cells. If one is shaded, the device triggers a motor to move the array until both cells are exposed to equal amounts of sunlight.

At night or during cloudy weather, the output of both sensor cells is equally low, so no adjustments are made. When the sun comes back up in the morning, the array will move back to the east to follow the sun again.

Although both methods of tracking with motors are quite accurate, there is a "parasitic" power consumption. The motors take up some of the energy the photovoltaic system produces.

A method which has no parasitic consumption uses two small photovoltaic modules to power a reversible gear motor directly. If both modules are in equal sunlight, as shown in Figure 2-30, current flows through the modules and none flows through the motor.

||

|| FIGURE 2-30

Current Flow with Both Modules in Equal Sunlight Current Flow with One Module Shaded || || Current Flow with the Other Module Shaded || ||
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-30.gif width="355" height="183" align="center" caption="figure2-30.gif (12451 bytes)"]] ||
 * If the right module is shaded, it acts as a resistor (Figure 2-31). Now the current will flow through the motor, turning it in one direction. ||
 * FIGURE 2-31
 * If the other module, shown in Figure 2-32 on the left, is shaded, the current from the right module flows in the opposite direction. The motor will turn in the opposite direction as well. ||
 * FIGURE 2-32
 * The motor must be able to turn in both directions. ||

|| || A third tracking method uses the expansion and contraction of fluids to move the array. Generally, a container is filled with a fluid that vaporizes and expands considerably whenever it is in the sun. It condenses and contracts similarly when in the shade. These "passive" tracking methods have proven to be reliable and durable, even in high wind situations.

One system, the 9'SUN SEEKER" TM from Robbins Engineering, uses the pressure of the expansion and contraction to operate a hydraulic cylinder. Flexible piping from two containers filled with freon goes to opposite sides of a piston in the cylinder (Figure 2-33).

||

|| FIGURE 2-33

Sun Seeker System without Modules

Photo Courtesy of Robbins Engineering, Inc.
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-33.gif width="397" height="267" align="center" caption="figure2-33.gif (28956 bytes)"]] ||

|| || If the array is facing the sun, the pressure in both containers stays the same, and the piston will not move in the cylinder. However, when the sun moves the shading on the containers changes, placing them under different pressures.

The pressure difference, brought to the cylinder by the piping, will move the piston. The shaft from the piston will move the array. When the array is pointed back at the sun, the pressure stops increasing in the cylinder, and the piston and rod stop moving.

Another way to move the array with an expansive fluid is to use the change in fluid weight when it vaporizes. The Solar Track Rack TM by Zomeworks uses this method (Figures 2-34 and 2-35).

||

|| FIGURE 2-34

Solar Track Rack without Modules

Photo Courtesy of Zomeworks Corp.

|| || The fluid-filled containers are integrated into the sides of the array mounting structure. They are connected together flexible piping, which is protected in the mounting structure. As long as the array is facing directly at the sun, the shades cover each container equally.

When the array is no longer facing directly at the sun, one container is exposed to more heat from the sun. This causes the fluid in that container to boil out of that container into the other one. Now the shaded container has more fluid in it and is heavier. The array will drop down like a "teeter-totter" in the direction of the shaded container until the shading equalizes on the two containers again.

||

|| FIGURE 2-35

Solar Track Rack without Modules Mounted

Photo Courtesy of Zomeworks Corp.

|| || Since this method is more sensitive, wind can move the array. A shock absorber is included in the system to absorb such rapidly applied forces.

__** Reflectors **__

Reflectors are sometimes used to increase the amount of solar energy striking the modules (Figure 2-36). Since reflectors cost less than photovoltaic modules, this method may be used for some applications. There are several problems with reflectors, however.

Not all photovoltaic modules are designed for the higher temperatures reflectors cause. The performance and physical structure of many modules will suffer if reflectors are used with them. Remember that higher module temperatures mean lower output voltages.

||

|| FIGURE 2-36

Reflectors on a Fixed Photovoltaic Array
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-36.gif width="244" height="210" align="center" caption="figure2-36.gif (129948 bytes)"]] ||

|| || Another problem is that reflectors work mostly with sunlight coming directly from the sun. Since a great deal of the sun's energy in cloudy climates comes to the earth's surface from all parts of the sky, reflectors are most effective in clear climates.

In all but the clearest of climates, the amount of direct solar energy is rarely high enough to justify the use of reflectors all year.

By increasing the overall surface area of the array, reflectors also increase the array's wind loading characteristics.

Finally, some type of tracking system may be required. This increases the system cost, may add a parasitic power loss, and can reduce the system reliability. Poorly designed or improperly installed reflectors have been known to shade modules.

__** Concentrators **__

Concentrators use lenses or parabolic reflectors to focus light from a larger area onto a photovoltaic cell of smaller area. The cells are spread out more than a typical module, and must be a high temperature type. They may have a heat removal system to keep module temperatures down and output voltages up. These systems have the same disadvantages of reflectors, and are higher in cost. As a consequence, large systems feeding a utility grid are usually the only ones using reflectors or concentrators.

**__ Bracket mounting __**

Small arrays of one or two modules can use simple brackets to secure the modules individually to a secure surface (Figure 2-25). The surface may be a roof, wall, post, pole, or vehicle. Brackets can include some method to adjust the tilt angle of the module.

The brackets are usually aluminum. If steel is used, it should be painted or treated to prevent corrosion. Galvanized steel is normally avoided, because the continuous grounding used on arrays aggravates the galvanic corrosion that occurs between galvanized steel and almost all other metals.

Fastener hardware should be stainless steel or cadmium plated to prevent corrosion. Identical metals should be used for components and fasteners whenever possible.

__** Pole mounting **__

Typically, up to four modules can be connected together and mounted on a pole (Figure 2-37). Typically, 2 1/2" nominal steel pipe (O.D. of 3") is used.

Black iron or steel pipe can be used, if painted. Galvanized pipe, rarely available in this size, can be used if compatible fasteners are used. Larger arrays can be pole mounted, if hardware sizes are appropriately increased.

The same types of materials used for bracket mounting should be used for pole mounting.

||

|| FIGURE 2-37

Pole Mount of Photovoltaic Array
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-37.gif width="242" height="274" align="center" caption="figure2-37.gif (11365 bytes)"]] ||

|| || **__ Ground mounting __**

For arrays of eight or more modules, ground mounting is usually the most appropriate technique. The greatest concern is often the uplifting force of wind on the array. This is why most ground mounted arrays are on some kind of sturdy base, usually concrete.

Concrete bases are either piers, a slab with thicker edges, or footings at the front and rear of the array (Figure 2-38). All three usually include a steel reinforcement bar.

In some remote sites it may be more desirable to use concrete block instead of poured concrete. The best way to do this is to use two-web bond-beam block, reinforce it with steel, and fill the space between the webs with concrete or mortar.

Pressure-treated wood of adequate size is sometimes used for ground mounting. This can work well in fairly dry climates, but only if the beams are securely anchored to the ground, and regular inspection and maintenance is provided.

||

|| FIGURE 2-38

Concrete Bases
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-38.gif width="361" height="488" align="center" caption="figure2-38.gif (237944 bytes)"]] ||

|| || The array's mounting hardware can be bolted to an existing slab. With

extensive shimming, some mountaintop arrays are bolted to exposed rock. In either case, adequately sized expansion-type anchor bolts are used. The heads of the bolts should be covered with some type of weatherproof sealant. Silicone sealant is the best choice.

||

|| FIGURE 2-39

Forces on a Photovoltaic Array
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-39.gif width="410" height="416" align="center" caption="figure2-39.gif (16688 bytes)"]] ||

|| || __** Structure mounting **__

Photovoltaic modules mounted on buildings or other structures are subjected to downward force when the wind hits their front surfaces. When the wind strikes the back of the modules, upward force is generated (Figure 2-39).

For this reason, the attachment to the building of modules with exposed backs is designed to resist both directions of force.

Another consideration when modules are mounted to a structure is the trapped heat between the module and the structure. Remember that module voltage drops with increased temperature.

Generally, photovoltaic arrays are mounted on structures in such a way that air can maturely circulate under the modules. This keeps the modules operating at the lowest possible temperature and highest possible output voltage. Access to the back of the modules also simplifies service operations.

|| The tilt should be within 10 degrees of the listed angle. For example, a system used throughout the year at a latitude of 350 can have a tilt angle of 250 to 450 without a noticeable decrease in annual performance. ||
 * 2.3.5 || __Module Tilt and Orientation__. Permanently mounted modules should be tilted up from the horizontal (Figure 2-40 and Table 2-2). The correct tilt angle varies with the times of year the system is used, and the latitude of the site. The tilt angle is measured from the horizontal, not from a pitched roof or hillside.

|| FIGURE 2-40

Module Tilt Measured form the Horizontal on Level and Tilted Surfaces
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-40.gif width="424" height="428" align="center" caption="figure2-40.gif (237944 bytes)"]] ||

|| ** Table 2-2 Photovoltaic Module Tilt Angles **

||

|| || Time of Year

System is Used

the Most Tilt Angle ||  || Mostly Winter Mostly Summer Mostly Fall or Spring || Latitude Latitude + 15° Latitude - 15° Latitude ||  ||
 * Recommended
 * || All Year

|| || For proper operation, the modules must be oriented as close as possible toward the equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, this direction is true south. In most areas, this varies from the magnetic south given by a compass. A simple correction must be made.

First, find the magnetic variation from an isogonic map. This is given in degrees east or west from magnetic south (Figure 2-41).

||



Figure 2-41: Isogonic Map of the United States

|| || For example, a site in Montana has a magnetic variation of 200 east. This means that trne south is 200 east of magnetic south. On a compass oriented so the north needle is at 3600, true south is in the direction indicated by 1600 (Figure 2-42).

||

|| FIGURE 2-42

Directions on a Compass at 20° East Magnetic Variation
 * [[image:http://polarpowerinc.com/info/operation20/figures/figure2-42.gif width="246" height="242" align="center" caption="figure2-42.gif (5650 bytes)"]] ||

|| || The modules should be installed within 200 of true south. In areas with morning fog, the array can be oriented up to 200 toward the west to compensate. Conversely, arrays in areas with a high incidence of afternoon storms can be oriented toward the east.

If the array is located in the Southern Hemisphere, the array must face true north.

Small portable arrays are usually just pointed at the sun, and moved every hour or so to follow the sun across the sky.

||

[]

Matirals List

10-3wg Wire Photovolatic cell - Metals

[]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #556581; display: block; font-family: Helvetica,Tahoma,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|THHN: Understanding THHN Wire]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">Building wire is generally used to carry electrical current to all external uses of power in a building or dwelling. This product is utilized in the construction of almost every industrial, residential and commercial building. The most popular type is <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #556581; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;">[|**THHN building wire**] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">THHN Wire stands for Thermoplastic High Heat-resistant Nylon coated. THHN can come in stranded or solid conductors depending on the size. It is either manufactured in copper or aluminum and covered in a PVC (polyvinyl chloride) insulation with a nylon jacket. THHN is UL listed with a rated 90 degrees Celsius in dry locations or 75 degrees Celsius in wet applications with a THWN rating. The vast majority of THHN building wire carries a dual rating on the cable marked THHN / THWN for both the wet and dry temperature rating. THHN building wire may also be used for wiring of machine tools, control circuits or on certain appliances.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">THHN building wire has several main distinctions compared to other building wire products. THHN uses a thinner PVC insulation which is a key factor in terms of its electrical properties. This thinner insulation can often lead to a current leakage and even a breakdown during chemical or environmental exposure. The PVC insulation in THHN also creates a toxic smoke when burned therefore making it undesireable in certain applications.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #858585; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">THHN is not a very flexible product due to its nylon coating. This can often be a factor for many contractors or end users since there is usually a preference to use a product that saves energy and time during installation. However, THHN building wire has grown in popularity since it is a cost effective alternative compared to other types of building wire such as XHHW building wire. Despite some of its down falls, many users of THHN building wire have found this products to be sufficient for meeting their projects specifications.

|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 * Gauge # || Diameter (inches) || Area (circular mils) ||
 * 4/0 || 0.4600 || 211,600 ||
 * 3/0 || 0.4100 || 168,100 ||
 * 2/0 || 0.3650 || 133,225 ||
 * 1/0 || 0.3250 || 105,625 ||
 * 1 || 0.2890 || 83,521 ||
 * 2 || 0.2580 || 66,564 ||
 * 4 || 0.2040 || 41,616 ||
 * 6 || 0.1620 || 26,244 ||
 * 8 || 0.1280 || 16,384 ||
 * 10 || 0.1020 || 10,404 ||
 * 12 || 0.0810 || 6,561 ||
 * 14 || 0.0640 || 4,096 ||
 * 16 || 0.0510 || 2,601 ||
 * 18 || 0.0400 || 1,600 ||
 * 20 || 0.0320 || 1,024 ||
 * 22 || 0.0253

|| 640.1 ||

Application:
THHN Wire and TFFN Wire are general purpose wiring in accordance with the NEC, maximum conductor temperature of 90°C in dry locations and 75°C in wet locations, 600 volts for installation in conduit or other recognized raceway. For wiring of machine tools, appliances and control circuits not exceeding 600 volts.

Description:

 * Conductor of soft drawn bare copper
 * Primary Insulation of PVC with nylon jacket.
 * UL listed Standards 83 & 1063 as: Type THHN 90°C in dry locations, Type THWN 75°C in wet locations.
 * Gasoline and oil resistant II. Type MTW 90°C Machine Tool Wire (stranded only) 105°C AWM, 80°C where exposed to oil.
 * CSA approval available upon request.